Social and Psychological Differences in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example for Free

Social and Psychological Differences in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay In the play Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, the focal subject of the play are the social and mental contrasts between the men and the ladies. The male characters has a bullheaded disposition towards ladies, while the ladies are more understanding and insightful than the men as far as attempting to illuminate the wrongdoing. It is a result of the mens mentalities that drove them to flop in observing reality of Mr. Wrights murder. Their perspectives were explicitly clear while they were evaluating the wrongdoing scene at the Wright House. Instead of being target agents, their negative perspectives towards ladies and their prejudicial nature of the other gender made them disregard the circumstance and naturally marked Mrs. Wright as the executioner with no respect for her feelings or perspective at the hour of the homicide. The men were increasingly worried about reprimanding Mrs. Wrights absence of appropriate homemaking abilities than attempting to discover the purpose for the homicide of Mr. Wright. In line 157, while searching for proof, the district lawyer gripes in the wake of washing his hands, Dirty towels! A sorry maid, would you say, women?, while kicking the container under the sink. His disturbance demonstrated his negative disposition in light of the fact that the house was not kept in appropriate principles by Mrs. Wright. His activities implied his convictions that since ladies remained at home as house spouses, while holding no appropriate employments on the planet, they ought to at any rate keep the house adequate. He guards his suppositions to the women in line 163 saying that I realize that there are some Dickson County farmhouses that don't have such roller towels. At the point when Mrs. Sound and Mrs. Diminishes immediately protected Mrs. Wright, his response was, Ah, faithful to yo ur sex , I see. His disparaging undercurrent uncovered his absence of regard for womens cultural jobs and accepts that ladies are second rate compared to men. The ladies then again, were increasingly insightful and thoughtful to Mrs. Wrights circumstance. From the earliest starting point, they were the ones that saw the easily overlooked details. The exertion that Mrs. Wright needed to thinking about her home despite the fact that it was not immaculate was not ignored by the ladies. They were more thoughtful than the men since they themselves knew the flight it took to run a family unit, to which the men ignored. The ladies were the ones that posed inquiries. They knew Mrs. Wright before she had hitched the cold and calm Mr. Wright. They reviewed that Minnie was an energetic individual and was continually singing yet later got hermit and shut off from the neighbors in the wake of wedding Mr. Wright. They considered whether she had a glad and stable marriage, experiencing numerous reasons with respect to what could have driven her to perpetrate such a wrongdoing. While the men were caught up with exploring upstairs, it was the ladies who found the feathered creature confine just as the dead fowl in the sewing box. They thought about Mrs. Wright to the flying creature in line 449. She on second thought, she was somewhat similar to a winged animal herself genuine sweet and pretty, yet sort of shy and fluttery. How-she-changed. The ladies put together their discoveries with respect to realities and proof rather than the detached disposition of the men. Despite the fact that the ladies identified with Mrs. Wrights circumstance, they accepted that executing Mr. Wright was still off-base, be that as it may, their compassion and comprehension for Mrs. Wright drove them to cover the feathered creature as proof from the sheriff and the province lawyer. The play plainly demonstrated a partition in contradicting thoughts and mentalities between both genders. The men were progressively brutal, basic, harsh and narcissistic where as the ladies were increasingly natural, mindful and delicate to the circumstance. Their disparities prompted them having differentiating assessments on the realities. The mens decisions on ladies didn't permit them to precisely and impartially evaluate the situation where as the ladies we ready to see things that the men ignore. Nonetheless, however the men couldn't assemble more proof for the case, the ladies were the ones who discovered conceivably the most significant discovering, which was the messed up winged creature confine just as the dead flying creature. Considerably in the wake of finding the winged creature, the ladies chose to carry out a wrongdoing themselves by concealing the fowl from the sheriff. Despite the fact that the ladies were increasingly thoughtful they were still off-base for concea ling the proof. In this way insinuating the way that the womens enthusiastic nature impaired them a similar path as the mens critical disposition.

Eating Disorders in today's society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dietary problems in the present society - Essay Example It is a direct result of this one standard that dietary issues have become nearly style proclamations themselves, as young ladies result to them to keep up a slender build. The greatest concentration for the two people with regards to being appealing is their weight, however this is immediately trailed by the physical, perfect appearance of the face. With regards to females, a dainty, somewhat conditioned body is viewed as alluring and excellent. As to men, they can either be meager, very much fabricated, or athletic in appearance. Regardless of how entirely an individual might be with regards to their face, overweight and chunky individuals are only here and there considered appealing in agreement to society’s norms of today. Norms of engaging quality don't fluctuate such a great amount by sex or age. Men anticipate that ladies should be dainty and well endowed, while ladies anticipate that men should either be flimsy or athletic. Every sexual orientation expects the other to at any rate have the option to keep up a fair weight; once more, the standard of slender being delightful is still in play paying little heed to sex or age. Sexual direction, be that as it may, is marginally unique. Most of gay people don't take as much confidence in magnificence or appeal as hetero individuals do. To be sure, numerous gay females who look butch or masculine are viewed as appealing, while gay guys who look modest and fragile are viewed as being alluring. In any event, when, in gay connections, a female resembles the regular thought of a female, or a male resembles a normal male, they are as yet observed as appealing by their colleagues. What our way of life educates men concerning how to pull in ladies is they have to show up as men, paying little mind to what their genuine age is. They should be flimsy or solid; a significant number of them will in general resemble an exhausted Californian surfer. Notwithstanding, men likewise need to have an engaging and free character, which demonstrates that not all excellence is physical. On the opposite finish of the range, nonetheless, are the ladies who accept that they have to draw in men by

Parental Involvement Research Paper - 275 Words

Parental Involvement (Research Paper Sample) Content: Parental Involvement: Impact on a Childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s EducationStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitution AffiliationParental Involvement: Impact on a Childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s EducationProviding for a family is a challenging task in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s world. Parents work for long hours to pay bills and ensure that their children live a comfortable life. As a result, most parents return home tired and with little energy or time to follow up on their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s educational progress. Some parents delegate all educational responsibilities to teachers. However, a child whose parents are supportive and involved in his or her education has a better chance of succeeding in school.Firstly, children whose parents play a critical role in their education score higher grades than those whose parents play a passive role or are absent altogether. This is because active parents encourage their children to succeed in school. They enable their children to do their homework and help teachers t o identify and solve difficulties encountered in their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s education. They also help their children choose subjects and courses they can pursue with passion and excellence. The involvement of parents in the education of their child also influences teachers (Jeynes, 2011). Since instructors play a significant role in rating and grading a child, "a high degree of parental involvement likely influences how the teacher perceives and even grades the child" (Jeynes, 2011, p. 55). According to Chance (1997), providing teachers with feedback about a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s attitude and wellbeing can help the child achieve higher scores in IQ tests and vocabulary competence.Secondly, children with supportive parents are more disciplined than those with unsupportive parents. It is easy for parents who follow up on their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s school activities to identify weaknesses that may lead to indiscipline. They can then discuss such weaknesses with teachers and develop strate gies and mechanisms to rectify the weaknesses. As a result, children with such parents are less likely to develop disorderly behaviors. Children with supportive parents are less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol or to be suspended from school (Feuerstein, 2000). A study by Sui-Chu and Willms (1996) concluded that eighth graders whose parents were keen on their childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s schoolwork had reduced absenteeism and were less likely to drop out of school. Schools with many activities that require parental involvement report fewer incidences of violent or antisocial behavior (Connor, 2012).Thirdly, the involvement of a parent in a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s education increases the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s self-esteem. A high self-esteem, in turn, improves the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s general wellbeing and their success in education (Feuerstein, 2000). Amsel (2013), who holds a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in sociology, wrote that limited parental involvement makes children feel unappreciated because t here is no one to remind them that they are admirable, valuable and exciting. Children who feel unappreciated have negative thoughts and feelings about themselves (Amsel, 2013). This hampers the development of the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s self-confidence and compromises their self-esteem (Amsel, 2013). Parents who want to improve their childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s esteem should not restrict their involvement to activities at school. Rather, "parental involvement in the education of children encompasses education-related activities both at home and school" (Onwughalu, 2011, p. 5). However, Amsel (2013) also warned parents that overindulgence in their childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life may give the child little room to self-reflect and develop self-esteem.In conclusion, involvement of parents in their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s education improves the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s chances of... Parental Involvement Research Paper - 275 Words Parental Involvement (Research Paper Sample) Content: Parental Involvement: Impact on a Childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s EducationStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitution AffiliationParental Involvement: Impact on a Childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s EducationProviding for a family is a challenging task in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s world. Parents work for long hours to pay bills and ensure that their children live a comfortable life. As a result, most parents return home tired and with little energy or time to follow up on their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s educational progress. Some parents delegate all educational responsibilities to teachers. However, a child whose parents are supportive and involved in his or her education has a better chance of succeeding in school.Firstly, children whose parents play a critical role in their education score higher grades than those whose parents play a passive role or are absent altogether. This is because active parents encourage their children to succeed in school. They enable their children to do their homework and help teachers t o identify and solve difficulties encountered in their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s education. They also help their children choose subjects and courses they can pursue with passion and excellence. The involvement of parents in the education of their child also influences teachers (Jeynes, 2011). Since instructors play a significant role in rating and grading a child, "a high degree of parental involvement likely influences how the teacher perceives and even grades the child" (Jeynes, 2011, p. 55). According to Chance (1997), providing teachers with feedback about a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s attitude and wellbeing can help the child achieve higher scores in IQ tests and vocabulary competence.Secondly, children with supportive parents are more disciplined than those with unsupportive parents. It is easy for parents who follow up on their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s school activities to identify weaknesses that may lead to indiscipline. They can then discuss such weaknesses with teachers and develop strate gies and mechanisms to rectify the weaknesses. As a result, children with such parents are less likely to develop disorderly behaviors. Children with supportive parents are less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol or to be suspended from school (Feuerstein, 2000). A study by Sui-Chu and Willms (1996) concluded that eighth graders whose parents were keen on their childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s schoolwork had reduced absenteeism and were less likely to drop out of school. Schools with many activities that require parental involvement report fewer incidences of violent or antisocial behavior (Connor, 2012).Thirdly, the involvement of a parent in a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s education increases the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s self-esteem. A high self-esteem, in turn, improves the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s general wellbeing and their success in education (Feuerstein, 2000). Amsel (2013), who holds a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in sociology, wrote that limited parental involvement makes children feel unappreciated because t here is no one to remind them that they are admirable, valuable and exciting. Children who feel unappreciated have negative thoughts and feelings about themselves (Amsel, 2013). This hampers the development of the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s self-confidence and compromises their self-esteem (Amsel, 2013). Parents who want to improve their childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s esteem should not restrict their involvement to activities at school. Rather, "parental involvement in the education of children encompasses education-related activities both at home and school" (Onwughalu, 2011, p. 5). However, Amsel (2013) also warned parents that overindulgence in their childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life may give the child little room to self-reflect and develop self-esteem.In conclusion, involvement of parents in their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s education improves the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s chances of...

Creating A Habit Of Choosing The Harder Right Over The...

Principle Two: Creating a habit of choosing the harder right over the easier wrong Cognitive studies show that, depending on the variability of the task, it takes on average twenty-one days to create a habit (Freedhom, 2013). The daily habits that leaders develop—whether they are positive or negative—will control their actions upon times of adversity. This leadership tenet is derived from the framework of one of my most cherished values, and one of the seven Army values: integrity. The Army defines integrity as doing what is right legally and morally through the adherence to moral principles (ARMY.MIL). Creating the habit of doing the correct legal and moral action is essential to leading others because as a leader, one will be the moral†¦show more content†¦As the Training NCO for my company responsible for drill personnel accountability, I was faced with the dilemma of one of my peers skipping practice. When I asked this person where he was, I was given one answer, but when I asked this individual’s cadet platoon sergeant where he wa s, I received another answer. Due to this individual’s record of behavior, I was almost certain that he had just lied to me about his actual whereabouts. To make it even tougher, this individual was an acquaintance of mine. I could have pushed the situation under the rug and avoided having to deal with the potential honor case, but deep feeling in my gut reminded me that my integrity was more important that my choosing the easier wrong out of this situation. I approached this person and his platoon sergeant for clarification, and discovered that the un-matching answers were due to a failed text message between the two individuals. The â€Å"culprit† did actually tell his platoon sergeant of his whereabouts, but the platoon sergeant never got the information. In the end, I was happy that my assumption was indeed a misconception, but I was also pleased that my integrity was intact during this moral dilemma. I was pleased that I had the courage to confront a peer about a potentially very problematic situation and refuse to give in to toleration. Taking action in situations such as these is prominent in keeping our

Essay on Legalizing Drugs or Joining the Drug Addict Circle

Over the years, drug abuse has been a rising problem in almost every country in the world. Day by day more people are involved in this endless cycle of drug craving, money shortage, and drug related crimes. Congressmen and politicians of United States, seeing this unstoppable crime wave which is about to spread throughout the country, begin to address various kinds of possible solutions to end this crisis in the most efficient and effective way. As discussed in Alan M. Dershowitzs The Case for Medicalizing Heroin and Charles B. Rangels Legalize Drugs? Not on Your Life, the most popular proposition set forward by growing number of leaders now is to legalize the use of drugs; but will it help solving the problem or make it even worse?†¦show more content†¦He even goes further to suggest the possibility of considering legalizing other drugs if the result of experiment turns out to be positive. But is everything as simple as Dershowitz and other advocates of legalization think? If drugs are legalized in real life, will we be able to see improvements or deterioration? All the arguments Dershowitz make seem reasonable from the surface, but if you take a step back and think it through, legalization is not a simple task as Dershowitz thinks it is; and there is a big chance that it might bring up more problems than there already is. In order to make it work, numerous decisions have to be made beforehand and the government has to make sure they always have everything in control; because once things started to get out of hand, it will be too late for any damage control. Moreover, teenage addicts are not likely to quit their addiction just because they cannot get it legally; they can either buy it from drug dealers who always find a way to access to the drugs no matter what or they can ask adults to buy it for them. Also, the black market is not going to be out of business if drugs are legalized; instead, they would have more buyers than they did before the legalization since purchasing drugs is no longer

Marketing Strategy and Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Using the drivers of International Marketing explain to the Manager of this Organisation why they need to expand their involvement with International Marketing. Answer: Marketing is a broad term which has enormous significance for any organization's success. In recent days marketing has been segmented into various distinct categories and new transformations have now cropped up in the same field such as the international marketing (Paliwoda, 2013). It is one of the significant and critical changes delving on the businesses' dealings related to its' expansion on the international market level (Baker, 2014). It emphasizes on the fact that once a company goes global, they have to widen its' scope of output, sales, and outreach. The enlarged scope focus could be easier for a firm or not. However, there are several aspects that the company should look out for before venturing into the international market; employee commitment, internal goals, investment amount etcetera (Terpstra, et al. 2012). As we finalize this paper, we will list some recommendations on why to indulge in international marketing to LEEWAS Company; a firm that deals with bathing tubs man ufacture and sales in Australia. The primary market for this company is organizations, executive homes chiefly in Australia. In an outreach attempt to expand their sales outlet, the company wishes to inquire the best business venture. We propose international marketing due to the following advantages to the firm; Product Demand. The high-value bathing tubs manufactured by LEEWAS Company meet the consumer standard needs, both on the national and international level. According to existing research, on reviews given by both current and prospective clients, many U.S. residents prefer using the LEEWAS made bathing tubs to their locally made ones. With such positive market needs of the product, we recommend business expansion into the international arena for increased profitability. Technology The significance of the technological inventions and their proactive uses-used to promote products' sales- the recommendation for their utilization for extensive outreach to the international market should be paramount. This marketing strategy does not imply the physical relocation of the firm's facilities to the potential buyers' countries, but the use of web-based resources to advertise and acquire sales. Today, Amazon is one of the world's leading internet-based retailers, but the firm started as a minor enterprise which embraced the technology hence the boost. Cost scale Once the company has reached out and ventured into the international market, the firm stands a chance to enjoy economies of scale thus incurring increased sales at reduced costs. The economies of scale achievement is a huge milestone for any profit oriented business. Government In similar jurisdictions to the United States of America's, after the takeover of the Current President Donald Trump, there have been reduced taxes for foreign owned businesses operating in the nations. Hence in a quick appraisal, if LEEWAS extends to the international world, in such nations, there would be a high chance for more profits. The appraisal would be as a result of the reduced taxes. Communication Communication is a critical aspect of evaluating the right approach, resources and time to indulge in international marketing which include; multicultural employees, global partners, globally accessible resources, etcetera. These aspects make the enterprise conversant with different languages and in turn plan for probable barriers. For LEEWAS company to continue to the USA and other global markets, it is favorable for the hired personnel in the country in question be fluent in written and spoken languages in the country. References: Paliwoda, S., Thomas, M. (2013). International marketing. Routledge. Baker, M. J. (2014). Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. (2012). Marketing strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012). International marketing. Naper Press.

Role of Culture free essay sample

Cultural values, beliefs, and traditions significantly affect family life. Cultures are more than language, dress, and food customs. Cultural groups may share race, ethnicity, or nationality, but they also arise from cleavages of generation, socioeconomic class, sexual orientation, ability and disability, political and religious affiliation, language, and gender to name only a few. Two things are essential to remember about cultures: they are always changing, and they relate to the symbolic dimension of life. The symbolic dimension is the place where we are constantly making meaning and enacting our identities. Cultural messages from the groups we belong to give us information about what is meaningful or important, and who we are in the world and in relation to others our identities. Cultural messages, simply, are what everyone in a group knows that outsiders do not know. They are the water fish swim in, unaware of its effect on their vision. They are a series of lenses that shape what we see and dont see, how we perceive and interpret, and where we draw boundaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In shaping our values, cultures contain starting points and currencies[1]. Starting points are those places it is natural to begin, whether with individual or group concerns, with the big picture or particularities. Currencies are those things we care about that influence and shape our interactions with others. | How Cultures Work Though largely below the surface, cultures are a shifting, dynamic set of starting points that orient us in particular ways and away from other directions. Each of us belongs to multiple cultures that give us messages about what is normal, appropriate, and expected. When others do not meet our expectations, it is often a cue that our cultural expectations are different. We may mistake differences between others and us for evidence of bad faith or lack of common sense on the part of others, not realizing that common sense is also cultural. What is common to one group may seem strange, counterintuitive, or wrong to another. Cultural messages shape our understandings of relationships, and of how to deal with the conflict and harmony that are always present whenever two or more people come together. Writing about or working across cultures is complicated, but not impossible. Here are some complications in working with cultural dimensions of conflict, and the implications that flow from them:Culture is constantly in flux as conditions change, cultural groups adapt in dynamic and sometimes unpredictable ways. Culture is largely below the surface, influencing identities and meaning-making, or who we believe ourselves to be and what we care about it is not easy to access these symbolic levels since they are largely outside our awareness. Cultural influences and identities become important depending on context. When an aspect of cultural identity is threatened or misunderstood, it may become relatively more important than other cultural identities and this fixed, narrow identity may become the focus of stereotyping negative projection, and conflict. This is a very common situation in intractable conflicts. Since culture is so closely related to our identities (who we think we are), and the ways we make meaning (what is important to us and how), it is always a factor in conflict. Cultural awareness leads us to apply the Platinum Rule in place of the Golden Rule. Rather than the maxim Do unto others as you would have them do unto you, the Platinum Rule advises: Do unto others as they would have you do unto them. Cultures are embedded in every conflict because conflicts arise in human relationships. Cultures affect the ways we name, frame, blame, and attempt to tame conflicts. Whether a conflict exists at all is a cultural question. In an interview conducted in Canada, an elderly Chinese man indicated he had experienced no conflict at all for the previous 40 years. [2] Among the possible reasons for his denial was a cultural preference to see the world through lenses of harmony rather than conflict, as encouraged by his Confucian upbringing. Labeling some of our interactions as conflicts and analyzing them into smaller component parts is a distinctly Western approach that may obscure other aspects of relationships. Culture is always a factor in conflict, whether it plays a central role or influences it subtly and gently. For any conflict that touches us where it matters, where we make meaning and hold our identities, there is always a cultural component. Intractable conflicts like the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or the India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir are not just about territorial, boundary, and sovereignty issues they are also about acknowledgement, representation, and legitimization of different identities and ways of living, being, and making meaning. Conflicts between teenagers and parents are shaped by generational culture, and conflicts between spouses or partners are influenced by gender culture. In organizations, conflicts arising from different disciplinary cultures escalate tensions between co-workers, creating strained or inaccurate communication and stressed relationships. Culture permeates conflict no matter what sometimes pushing forth with intensity, other times quietly snaking along, hardly announcing its presence until surprised people nearly stumble on it. Culture is inextricable from conflict, though it does not cause it. When differences surface in families, organizations, or communities, culture is always present, shaping perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes. When the cultural groups we belong to are a large majority in our community or nation, we are less likely to be aware of the content of the messages they send us. Cultures shared by dominant groups often seem to be natural, normal the way things are done. We only notice the effect of cultures that are different from our own, attending to behaviors that we label exotic or strange. Though culture is intertwined with conflict, some approaches to conflict resolution minimize cultural issues and influences. Since culture is like an iceberg largely submerged it is important to include it in our analyses and interventions. Icebergs unacknowledged can be dangerous, and it is impossible to make choices about them if we dont know their size or place. Acknowledging culture and bringing cultural fluency to conflicts can help all kinds of people make more intentional, adaptive choices. Given cultures important role in conflicts, what should be done to keep it in mind and include it in response plans? Cultures may act like temperamental children: complicated, elusive, and difficult to predict. Unless we develop comfort with culture as an integral part of conflict, we may find ourselves tangled in its net of complexity, limited by our own cultural lenses. Cultural fluency is a key tool for disentangling and managing multilayered, cultural conflicts. Cultural fluency means familiarity with cultures: their natures, how they work, and ways they intertwine with our relationships in times of conflict and harmony. Cultural fluency means awareness of several dimensions of culture, including * Communication, * Ways of naming, framing, and taming conflict, * Approaches to meaning making, * Identities and roles. Each of these is described in more detail below. As people communicate, they move along a continuum between high- and low-context. Depending on the kind of relationship, the context, and the purpose of communication, they may be more or less explicit and direct. In close relationships, communication shorthand is often used, which makes communication opaque to outsiders but perfectly clear to the parties. With strangers, the same people may choose low-context communication. Low- and high-context communication refers not only to individual communication strategies, but may be used to understand cultural groups. Generally, Western cultures tend to gravitate toward low-context starting points, while Eastern and Southern cultures tend to high-context communication. Within these huge categories, there are important differences and many variations. Where high-context communication tends to be featured, it is useful to pay specific attention to nonverbal cues and the behavior of others who may know more of the unstated rules governing the communication. Where low-context communication is the norm, directness is likely to be expected in return. There are many other ways that communication varies across cultures. Ways of naming, framing, and taming conflict vary across cultural boundaries. As the example of the elderly Chinese interviewee illustrates, not everyone agrees on what constitutes a conflict. For those accustomed to subdued, calm discussion, an emotional exchange among family members may seem a threatening conflict. The family members themselves may look at their exchange as a normal and desirable airing of differing views. These are just some of the ways that taming conflict varies across cultures. Third parties may use different strategies with quite different goals, depending on their cultural sense of what is needed. In multicultural contexts, parties expectations of how conflict should be addressed may vary, further escalating an existing conflict. Approaches to meaning-making also vary across cultures. Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars suggest that people have a range of starting points for making sense of their lives, including: * universalist (favoring rules, laws, and generalizations) and particularist (favoring exceptions, relations, and contextual evaluation) * specificity (preferring explicit definitions, breaking down wholes into component parts, and measurable results) and diffuseness (focusing on patterns, the big picture, and process over outcome) * inner direction (sees virtue in individuals who strive to realize their conscious purpose) and outer direction (where virtue is outside each of us in natural rhythms, nature, beauty, and relationships) * synchronous time (cyclical and spiraling) and sequential time (linear and unidirectional). 5] When we dont understand that others may have quite different starting points, conflict is more likely to occur and to escalate. Even though the starting points themselves are neutral, negative motives are easily attributed to someone who begins from a different end of the continuum. [6]For example, when First Nations people sit down with government representatives to negotiate land claims in Canada or Australia, different ideas of time may make it difficult to establish rapport and make progress. First Nations people tend to see time as stretching forward and back, binding them in relationship with seven generations in both directions. Their actions and choices in the present are thus relevant to history and to their progeny. Government negotiators acculturated to Western European ideas of time may find the telling of historical tales and the consideration of projections generations into the future tedious and irrelevant unless they understand the variations in the way time is understood by First Nations people. Of course, this example draws on generalizations that may or may not apply in a particular situation. There are many different Aboriginal peoples in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and elsewhere. Each has a distinct culture, and these cultures have different relationships to time, different ideas about negotiation, and unique identities. Government negotiators may also have a range of ethno cultural identities, and may not fit the stereotype of the woman or man in a hurry, with a measured, pressured orientation toward time. Examples can also be drawn from the other three dimensions identified by Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars. When an intractable conflict has been ongoing for years or even generations, should there be recourse to international standards and interveners, or local rules and practices? Those favoring a universalist starting point are more likely to prefer international intervention and the setting of international standards. Particularlists will be more comfortable with a tailor-made, home-grown approach than with the imposition of general rules that may or may not fit their needs and context. Specificity and diffuseness also lead to conflict and conflict escalation in many instances. People, who speak in specifics, looking for practical solutions to challenges that can be implemented and measured, may find those who focus on process, feelings, and the big picture obstructionist and frustrating. On the other hand, those whose starting points are diffuse are more apt to catch the flaw in the sum that is not easy to detect by looking at the component parts, and to see the context into which specific ideas must fit. Inner-directed people tend to feel confident that they can affect change, believing that they are the masters of their fate, the captains of their souls. They focus more on product than process. Imagine their frustration when faced with outer-directed people, whose attention goes to nurturing relationships, living in harmony with nature, going with the flow, and paying attention to processes rather than products. As with each of the above sets of starting points, neither is right or wrong; they are simply different. A focus on process is helpful, but not if it completely fails to ignore outcomes. A focus on outcomes is useful, but it is also important to monitor the tone and direction of the process. Cultural fluency means being aware of different sets of starting points, and having a way to speak in both dialects, helping translate between them when they are making conflict worse. This can be done by storytelling and by the creation of shared stories, stories that are co-constructed to make room for multiple points of view within them. Often, people in conflict tell stories that sound as though both cannot be true. Narrative conflict-resolution approaches help them leave their concern with truth and being right on the sideline for a time, turning their attention instead to stories in which they can both see themselves. Another way to explore meaning making is through metaphors. Metaphors are compact, tightly packaged word pictures that convey a great deal of information in shorthand form. For example, in exploring how a conflict began, one side may talk about its origins being buried in the mists of time before there were boundaries and roads and written laws. The other may see it as the offspring of a vexatious lawsuit begun in 1946. Neither is wrong the issue may well have deep roots, and the lawsuit was surely a part of the evolution of the conflict. As the two sides talk about their metaphors, the more diffuse starting point wrapped up in the mists of time meets the more specific one, attached to a particular legal action. As the two talk, they deepen their understanding of each other in context, and learn more about their respective roles and identities. In collectivist settings, the following values tend to be privileged: * cooperation * filial piety (respect for and deference toward elders) * participation in shared progress * reputation of the group * interdependence In individualist settings, the following values tend to be privileged: * competition * independence * individual achievement * personal growth and fulfillment * self-reliance When individualist and communitarian starting points influence those on either side of a conflict, escalation may result. Individualists may see no problem with no holds barred confrontation, while communitarian counterparts shrink from bringing dishonor or face-loss to their group by behaving in unseemly ways. In the end, one should remember that, as with other patterns described, most people are not purely individualist  or communitarian. Rather, people tend to have individualist or communitarian starting points, depending on ones upbringing, experience, and the context of the situation. Conclusion There is no one-size-fits-all approach to conflict resolution, since culture is always a factor. Cultural fluency is therefore a core competency for those who intervene in conflicts or simply want to function more effectively in their own lives and situations. Cultural fluency involves recognizing and acting respectfully from the knowledge that communication, ways of naming, framing, and taming conflict, approaches to meaning-making, and identities and roles vary across cultures.