Questions and Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Questions and Answers - Essay Example Adults choose the books they think are good and appropriate for children. However, it is dangerous when adults consider the implications of ideas about children’s literature by their ideologies, which underlie children. Sometimes, they may think that children have limited understanding and short attention span. As a result, they think children’s ability to respond to literature, with any degree of understanding, is seriously limited (Nodelman & Reimer, 2003). Consequently, they are partly unilateral. In addition, many adults are far more interested in determining what children should not read than what and how they should. Adults have the responsibility of assisting children to understand what they read in an appropriate way. We should explain to them with suitable words, rather than just forbid them to read certain material. This is because children have the right to choose various books, texts, images and select what interests them. Although adults possess a repertoire of knowledge about literature that might as well be useful in choosing appropriate books for children, we should pay significant attention to how assumptions work to avoid being arbitrary. As Nodelman & Reimer (2003) state, adults should be wary of their own censoriousness. Furthermore, adults’ selection should be based on each child individually. During the last half of the twentieth century, scholars defined postmodernism as changes in philosophy, literature, art, architecture and music (Pantaleo & Sipe, 2008, p. 1). Additionally, Coles and Hall (cited in Pantaleo & Sipe, 2008), depict postmodernism as changes made in different aspects - in history, society and culture. Waugh (1984) illustrates that metafiction pushes us away as it says â€Å"dont forget what you are reading is an artefact but not real† (cited in Sipe, 2011, p.247). Postmodernism and metafiction include narrative fragmentation,

Carbon in the form of a pencil Essay Example for Free

Carbon in the form of a pencil Essay Although with this line I could not prove that width and resistance of a carbon track have an inversely proportional relationship, this means that as one increases the other decreases in proportion. Although to show that this relationship applies in this case I have to plot in a graph resistance against the reciprocal of the width (which is 1 divided by the width). When I did this the graph produced a set of results which when a line of best fit was drawn it produced a straight line which passed through zero. This means that my prediction that width and resistance would be inversely proportional was true. The shape of the initial graph of width against resistance also shows simply that as the width increases the resistance decreases. The resistance also decreases far quicker for the smaller widths and as the width gets to about 5cm although it is still decreasing it is much more gradual. Evaluation: I believe that using my results I can draw useful and correct observations this is because I repeated every reading I took three times and then averaged them. I then plotted the graphs with the averaged results meaning that they are fairly reliable. Although, there are some results I feel especially on the width and resistance graphs that appear anomalous and I would have liked to repeat these readings again but due to time restraints I couldnt. In particular the resistances of the widths above 4cm appear incongruent. This may be because on the larger widths the contact did not span the entire width of the carbon track (as shown in the diagram below) although on the smaller widths, which produced the results, I had expected it did span the entire width. The results may have also been affected by the fact that the contacts remained in the same place for every reading, meaning that towards the end as the contact had a fairly sharp edge the carbon where the readings were being taken may have been rubbed off. This would mean that the resistance would be greater than expected which is the case in the later results. Therefore if was to do the experiment again and had unlimited time I would have redrawn the width line every time so that the effect of the contacts rubbing off carbon would not have an effect. This is because the contact would not have been removed from the track and so no carbon could be removed from the track. Another improvement to the experiment I would make would be improving the accuracy of the carbon track. This would mean that the carbon would be uniformly thick throughout the line and would go exactly up to the line and not pass it. This is so that we could know that the resistance was of exactly 5cm was not the resistance of between 4. 5cm and 5. 5cm. To do this I would make a template for the carbon track, which, could be coloured in ensuring that the carbon would no go past where it is, desired which happens no matter how hard you try to stay within the lines. An example of this is in the carbon track I drew, which appears to be quite good in that no carbon went over the lines but on closer inspection it in place is over a millimetre past the line. My carbon line in normal view: As you can see the line appears perfect. Magnified view of Carbon track: This closer view shows that the carbon track is by no means perfect and this degree inaccuracy means that the results may not be what they should. The patterns in my graphs were fairly obvious to find and I believe that when I did use a straight fit best line instead of a curve it was acceptable because it was more fitting for the readings. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one? Search for

A Concussion is No Laughing Matter Essay examples -- Exploratory Essay

A Concussion is No Laughing Matter It’s something we see it in cartoons all the time; one character gets bonked on the head and stars are suddenly floating in the air with the cartoon having a dazed look. However, only seconds later the cartoon is back up and back in action. This may seem funny on the latest saga of Tom and Jerry or Coyote and Roadrunner, but it’s not so funny in real life. Seeing stars, feeling dazed, and losing consciousness may be a type of brain injury called a concussion. A concussion, simply put, is a temporary loss of normal brain function caused by a sudden jolt or blow to the head. Concussions and other types of brain injuries are fairly common. According to the Brain Injury Association of America, â€Å"every 21 seconds, someone in the United States suffers from a brain injury.† Most doctors consider concussions as a mild form of brain injury because they are usually not life threatening (cdc.gov). Even so, the effects of concussions can be serious. Any blow to the head can warrant a concussion. Sport accidents, falls, fights, and car accidents are th... A Concussion is No Laughing Matter Essay examples -- Exploratory Essay A Concussion is No Laughing Matter It’s something we see it in cartoons all the time; one character gets bonked on the head and stars are suddenly floating in the air with the cartoon having a dazed look. However, only seconds later the cartoon is back up and back in action. This may seem funny on the latest saga of Tom and Jerry or Coyote and Roadrunner, but it’s not so funny in real life. Seeing stars, feeling dazed, and losing consciousness may be a type of brain injury called a concussion. A concussion, simply put, is a temporary loss of normal brain function caused by a sudden jolt or blow to the head. Concussions and other types of brain injuries are fairly common. According to the Brain Injury Association of America, â€Å"every 21 seconds, someone in the United States suffers from a brain injury.† Most doctors consider concussions as a mild form of brain injury because they are usually not life threatening (cdc.gov). Even so, the effects of concussions can be serious. Any blow to the head can warrant a concussion. Sport accidents, falls, fights, and car accidents are th...

Officer Class in Journeys End by RC Sheriff :: Journeys End Literature War Military Essays

Officer Class in Journey’s End During the World War many people found themselves in mid filled trenches eating rations and living with a host of creatures including rats, mice and many insects. There was however a group of people who did not sleep so rough, the officers, no matter what rank of officer you were you would sleep in a quarters with other officers and not with the men and you would have your own personal cook. Although the living conditions were not up to standards with even a one star hotel, they were easier to bear than what the soldiers had to. In this essay I will be talking about what you learn about the officers in the book â€Å"Journey’s End†. I will be discussing their hobbies and values. The officers shared the same kind of upbringing; all came from private schools and were highly educated. Raleigh and Stanhope both came from the same school and were friends outside school, often visiting one and others homes. Osborne and Trotter have been working in different jobs for a while before being drafted whereas Stanhope and Raleigh came straight from school into the officer’s life. Not much is known about trotter as he is not talked about much in the story but it is my assumption that he was also from a private school. Osborne and Trotter were both drafted as officers because of their professions; they are both regarded highly in society. Stanhope and Raleigh however were drafted as officers because of the professions of family members, Stanhope’s father is a vicar and Raleigh’s uncle is a senior officer, meaning he is most likely from a military background. In terms of age of the officers, Osborne is by far the most aged of the officers being called uncle says this quite clearly that they are mocking his age in a friendly manner. Though Osborne is older Stanhope is senior to him, many comments are made that Osborne should run the company but Osborne sticks up for the young commander. Although Stanhope is superior he values the opinion of his lower officers. It is clear from the conversations that they all enjoy sport, especially â€Å"Ruggers† or rugby as more commonly known. It shows that they are all abundant in physical strength and it shows that Stanhope has good leadership skills as he captained the cricket team in school. Osborne however trumps him by telling Raleigh how he capped for the England rugby team, but he swore Raleigh to secrecy so he may be lying about that. The officers are all fighting so that they can get back to their

An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour

Abstract This research proposal deals with an investigation of the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians living abroad. It has been established from research that a few Nigerians embrace technology in doing business. The research paper starts with an introduction about the problem statement to be addressed in the research. The objective is to find out the factors that contribute to the unique online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The proposal highlights trends to be investigated that are online shopping in Nigeria. Data to be used in the research will be gathered through the use of a questionnaire given at random to 100 respondents. The obtained data will be analyzed based on the scaled factors given for each response by the participants. The representative sample gives the best results because it uses respondents of diverse fields who are in a position to use online shopping systems. The results can be used by any developing country because the online shopping trends for developing countries are the same. 1. Introduction The nature of how individuals do business has changed from time to time due to individual needs and the emerging business technologies. Electronic commerce is one of the recent forms of online shopping that has been adopted by many business individuals in the world. According to Ghosh (1997, p. 1), â€Å"E-commerce provides consumers the ability to bank, invest, purchase, distribute, communicate, explore, and research from virtually anywhere an Internet connection can be obtained.† Therefore, electronic commerce can be defined as doing business through the internet. This trend of doing business has gained momentum in the global business world because of the increased web advertising (Jackson et al. 2003). This research proposal aims at determining the effect of web advertising on the Nigerian consumer’s online shopping behaviour.1.1. E-commerce development in NigeriaThe basis of electronic commerce depends on the level of technology in a country. Nigeria is a developin g country that has experienced improvements in its technological aspect in the recent past with a total population of about 16 % embracing the use of the internet (Internet World Stats, 2009). However, most of the Nigerians have not exploited the full potential of using the internet fully. In addition, the recent advancement of technology has enabled many Nigerians to see the need to embrace technology in doing business. As such, internet usage has started gaining familiarity among the Nigerians. A research by Folorunso et al. (2006, p. 2226) shows that only 32% of Nigerians who had heard about electronic commerce had embraced the technology. This low number of Nigerians using the internet to do business may contribute to the Nigerian online shopping behaviour.1.2. Problem statementThe use of the internet in doing business in Nigeria is slower than other countries in the world. This is contrary to the vital importance provided by the use of the internet in advertising the product. M ost of the Nigerians are ignorant about online shopping, but those who embrace the internet do not prefer to do online shopping because they assume products advertised in the internet are either expensive or strange to their traditional culture. This consumer behaviour has reduced efforts of globalization into the Nigerian markets. The question, then, is what should be done about this online consumer behaviour to promote globalizationResearch objectivesThis research is carried out to find out the online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The objectives of the study will be: To Investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians Determine whether web advertising has an influence to the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians. To investigate the risks associated with online shopping.1.3. Research structureThis research will start by introducing the problem statement why it is an important study among the Nigerians. This will be followed by outlining the objectives of the study. The existing literature review sets to give the research the basis on which the factors being studied will be based. The methodology section will propose a how the factors can be investigated and why the chosen methods for study are preferred. Lastly the research will highlight the limitations that are likely to affect the results of the study and how they can be reduced to make the results more validated. The main chapters will be as follows; Introduction Literature Review Methodology Data Analysis and Findings Conclusions and Recommendations 2. Literature review Folorunso et al. (2006, p.2224) suggested that the factors that affect online shopping behaviour are: â€Å"establishing cost, accessibility, privacy and confidentiality, data security, network reliability, credit card threat, authenticity, citizens’ income and education.† The shopping behaviour of Nigerians living abroad is unique as it can be identified as unique among the rest. Among the factors suggested by Folorunso income levels and data security was established as the major factors contributing to the unique behaviour of the Nigerians. In another research by Ayo (2006, p.2), he argued that cyber-crime as the major factor behind the low rate of adopting the electronic commerce technology. Further, other important factors have been established as contributing to this unique behaviour among the Nigerians. These factors are inferior online payment methods, lack of trust in web retailers, poor technological infrastructures, and fear of insufficient security in online environments (Adeshina & Ayo, 2010). In contrast to the slow rate at which online shopping has been embraced by the Nigerians, they have increased use of electronic banking and payment systems as they regard these technology issues as more secure. The major use of electronic banking is to pay bills, money transfer activities and obtaining banking statements at any time they wish to have the statements for their daily activities. The major factors identified on the previous research do not point to the exact situation because even through the electronic banking services provided by this technology, users are also likely to be exposed cyber crimes (Egwali, 2009). Advertising is used as a marketing strategy to familiarise the consumers to the products in the market. In a global market, advertising through the internet gives the consumers an avenue to consider a varied field of products that will satisfy their specific demand. Although internet advertising comes with a lot of advantages to both the consumer and the advertising agency, it has not been fully embraced in the Nigerian market. This indicates that the consumers in the Nigerian market have varied perceptions about web advertising. According to Wohn and Korgaonkar (2003), â€Å"males exhibit more positive beliefs about web advertising and more positive attitudes toward web adverting than females. Additionally, male are more likely than females to purchase from the web and surf the web for functional and entertainment reasons, whereas females are more likely to surf the web for shopping reasons.† From these findings, it can be deduced that there are specific online shopping behav iour among Nigerians. The research will carry out a detailed review of the existing literature on the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. The researcher will critically analyse the literature both that are in support of the research and those that are not. 3.Methodology This research will use qualitative approach to establish an in-depth description of the problem of the study. This method will be the most appropriate because it does not apply any mathematical judgment of the results (Higgs & Cherry, 2009). According to Miles and Huberman (1994), qualitative approach is the best because it is concerned with meaningful characteristics, stories, visual renders, observations and words. This study will be based on the individual behaviour on online shopping. Consequently, the research sample will be identified among them Nigerian Diaspora students, professionals and business people. The research sample will be conducted to 100 Nigerians. The research sample gives a good study population because of the sample size. In addition, the use of this type of respondents will give basis to the research because these are people who have the know-how of technological matters. Additionally, since online shopping is based on the use of technology this type of respondents is the best research population because they are quite aware of the online shopping activities using the internet. Thus, the results of the findings will give a true reflection of the real behaviour of the Nigerians online shopping.3.1.Research approach and strategyThe research will be conducted for 100 Nigerian. The respondents will be selected at random both that live in UK and those that are in Nigeria. The respondents will be supplied with questionnaires to investigate their onli ne shopping behaviour. The data that will be used in this study will be sourced from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data will be collected by sending questionnaires to the respondents. The researcher will conceal the identity of all respondents for confidentiality purposes. All respondents will be given unique ID numbers like P1, P2, and P3 that will represent participant one, two and three respectively. Secondary data will be collected from existing literature that is in the public domain. This means that there will be no permission sought to access the materials or cost incurred to collect data.3.2.Data collectionThe data for this research will be collected through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaires will be subdivided into three sub-groups as follows: online shopping, electronic commerce and internet usage. Each of the sub-categories will be aiming to investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. (See appendix 1)3.3.Data analysisQualitat ive study does not involve numerical values, and thus, an analysis tool will be used that will give correct interpretation and description while at the same time avoiding biases (Sewell, 2008). Therefore, the data will be analysed using case descriptions of the phenomenon. A detailed report will then be developed based on the analysis of the data collected through questionnaires. After, conclusions will be drawn from the analysis of the study, and more so the researcher will give recommendations that for future studies.3.4. Ethical issuesThe ethical issue in this research study will be to keep the anonymity of the respondents. Each of the involved respondent’s information will be treated with great privacy based on individual data protection policy.3.5.Research limitationsThe sample used to represent the Nigerians is comparably small. A bigger representative sample should be used to determine the real factors. The random sampling method is good, but is faced with the challe nge of some respondents failing to cooperate. The best approach would be to administer the questionnaire directly to the respondents to ensure that there is 100% response from the targeted representative sample. 4.Conclusion This research is an important finding that can be used to implement developmental changes in developing countries. Nigeria is one of the developing countries and the trends shown by its abroad citizens can be used as a model for other developing countries. Also, since technology implementation in the business environment is inevitable then it is important to identify these factors in order to make the required adjustments to make the developing countries able to embrace technology. The representative sample will give accurate results of the research study because it will use a study population that can embrace technology. References Adeshina, A & Ayo, C .2010. An Empirical Investigation of the Level of Users. Acceptance of E-Banking in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 15 (1), 1-13. Egwali, A. 2009. Customers Perception of Security Indicators in Online Banking Sites in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14 (1), 1-15. Folorunso, O et al. 2006. Factors Affecting the Adoption of E-commerce: A Study in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6 (10), 2224-2230. Ghosh, A .1997. Securing E-Commerce: A Systematic Approach. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 1-4. Internet World Stats, 2009. Nigeria Internet Usage and Telecommunications Reports. Retrieved from . Jackson, P. et al. 2003. e-Business Fundamentals. London: Dorset House Publishing Company. Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, 2ndedn, Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. Wohn, L & Korgaonkar, P 2003, Web advertising: gender differences, gender differences in belief, attitude and behavior. Florida: MCB UP. Appendix 1 The questionnaire Online shopping Have you been using online shopping in Nigeria? Do you use online shopping in the UK? If yes how many times did you shop online while in Nigeria per week? How many sites do you visit per week while in the UK or Nigeria? What products do you shop for with this service in Nigeria or the UK? What are the risks associated with online shopping? 2.0 Electronic commerce Have you been using electronic commerce while in Nigeria? Do you still use electronic shopping in the UK? If not, what are the reasons? What functions do you use the service for in Nigeria or the UK? 3.0 Internet usage Do you use internet regularly? What do you use the internet for? Do you think there are risks associated with internet usage? How often do you use the internet for online shopping?

Kids and VIolence essays

Kids and VIolence essays Violence on Television: How It Affects Todays Youth My partner and I are both seniors attending High School. This upcoming summer will be my third year life guarding at the Columbian Swim Club, in Union. My partner has worked in the building next door, the Boys s youth. Part II Statement of the Problem Anthony and I came up with a problem that concerns many parents. It seems as though violence plays a role in the lives of many people. Even innocent children are affected by the negative things that go on in the huge world we live in. Television violence is often overlooked because of its ability to retain childrens attention. Countless mothers and fathers put their children in front of the television so they can have time to themselves. As a result, the kids are subjected to unnecessary media violence. Anthony and I feel as thought this violence has a great effect on the childrens lives. We decided to further investigate this hypothesis. We presented 45 kids, ranging from ages 6 through 15, with a short questionnaire regarding the television shows they watch. The age categories were broken down into three groups. These were ages 6-9, ages 10-12, and ages 13-15. The purpose of this was to find if age had anything to do with the results. The questions asked the children what their favorite TV show is, if they stop doing school work to watch TV, if they act violent towards their friends and family, and if they prefer happy shows or sad shows. The questionnaire was anonymous so that the children would answer honestly. We were hoping to find some sort of connectio ...

The Democratic Party

The Democratic Party Free Online Research Papers When coming to the presidential campaign, one most ask themselves which party would be best for our nation as a whole. Although their have been some benefits in the Bush campaign, with having a plan for tax cuts for example, some of his policies are lacking. Now a new election is coming up and one must pick whether to remain with the Republican party, or promote change with the Democratic party. Barack Obama is the best candidate for this upcoming election because he promotes important changes in our nation’s economic recession problem, healthcare issues, and effects on immigration in the U.S. The biggest problem our country is going through at this moment is our war efforts in Iraq. If McCain was the one to be elected, his affects in the war of Iraq would have some similar affects as the Republican party has already done to increase this knot that has been getting bigger and bigger. This problem has already led to the expenditure of millions upon millions of our nation’s dollars that could have been put to better use in our economy. This and a couple of other problems, have left this country to lead itself into economic distress that our society is having to deal with. The exorbitant increases in food, gas, and all other consumer good prices have to stop. Obama promotes healthcare insurance for all Americans and if already obtained, stated that there will also be cost reduction to all healthcare insurance. This will not just help out American people with our healthcare dilemma, where more then 45 million Americans are without healthcare, but provide small businesses with Health Tax Credit to provide them with a refundable tax credit of up to 50 percent on premiums paid by small businesses on behalf of their employees. Businesses would also run more efficiently and quality will increase based on the companies having to be required to report data in to ensure that the work environment is healthy and health requirements are being met. This thus helps out the â€Å"working man†, by giving us healthier work environment status and keeping people safer. Another major issue that our country is experiencing is the increase in population in the U.S. based on illegal immigrants coming across borders. Bush has tried to solve this issue (put in number of immigrants come in each year, show numbers), but overall has not solved this problem. Obama supports additional infrastructure and technology on the border and at our ports of entry. This is a major problem with thousands coming into the U.S. on a daily basis, and with this new type of border control we will have better protection as a whole and be able to know who is coming into our nation with a much more secure system with Obama as our president. Barack Obama should be the best pick for the presidential campaign, because of the changes he will make on important issues our country has to deal with. His plans to change our nation has a better chance than what the Republican party has already done in office. McCain and his team do not have what it takes to run a nation like Obama. And that’s what it all comes down to, is what the people want and what helps our nation as a whole. Research Papers on The Democratic PartyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part OneAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

British Popular Culture and The Music That Followed †Music Essay

British Popular Culture and The Music That Followed – Music Essay Free Online Research Papers British Popular Culture and The Music That Followed Music Essay I’m going to comment on the British pop culture of the 60’s and 70’s using as examples two of the most famous songs of the Beatles: Help! and Imagine. I am going to comment on those texts at the same time I place them into the historical and social context of the time. Firstly, it is important to consider how it all began. The mid-1950’s was a difficult period for Britain as well as for most of European countries. Britain was still trying to recover itself from the problems the war brought about. This was a grey time , with British youth consoling themselves with their dreams and with imitations of the images which they saw on the cinema of life for kids in America(good cars, good clothes and a lot of money). At the same time they could hear the latest Rock ‘N Roll coming front he States. In a word, British youth culture was totally dominated at that time by American trends and styles. The British music industry in the 50’s was almost exclusively an American imported product. It was controlled from London by middle-aged men totally out of touch with the needs and wants of the youth audience. Out of this atmosphere a uniquely ‘British’ musical trend did emerge late in the 50’s. This was called ‘Skiffle’: â€Å"kind of folk music played by a small group, mainly with rhythmic accompaniment to singing guitarist†. The accompaniment was, more often than not, a washboard, and the material performed was normally of traditional US origin. Apart from that, from London and the South there came acts such as Adam Faith, Marty Wilde, Johnny Layton and Tommy Steel. In the provincial cities the seeds were being sewn for a world-wide musical and cultural revolution. In ports such as Liverpool, there had developed a music culture fiercely independent from London. By the early 60’s in these cities a large and highly competitive band scene emerged, in which hundred of local bands performed the latest imported songs to get the attention of the young audiences, hungry for anything authentic and new. In 1962 there were many great groups in this scene but the audiences decides that The Beatles were number one. The first song Help! was written in 1965 by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. The lead vocal was the first. This song was number one in Britain for 9 weeks from 14th August 1965. The other one Imagine was written by the same authors in 1971 and the lead vocal was again John Lennon. This one was number one for 2 weeks from 30th October 1971. Both texts have similarities but also differences, mainly because they are written with some years of difference and that means a process of maturation on the authors. I’m going to comment on the first text in an isolated way and then I will start with the second one, and at the same time, I will establish the comparison between both. Help!, as I have mention before, was written in1965. By that year there were in Britain several problems, such as the crisis arising in 1964.This crisis which lasts till the 70’s was the cause of political and economical problems: the decline of productivity, the increasing pressure of Trade Unions, the balance of paymentsThere was also the question of the war, though in those years Britain was not involved in any war (except for the undeclared Cold War) it was important the question of re-armament. That problem was followed by the reaction of people who was against nuclear weapons and manifested it trough several demonstrations: the Ban-the-Bomb marches. For all these reasons they could be saying â€Å"Help!†. The song goes on â€Å"I need somebody† but â€Å"not just anybody† that is, it could be applying to the fact that very few years ago, and in some way still in those years, Britain was somehow dependent on America. That situation came from the â€Å"Marshall Aid Program†, financed by America to help the UK and other European nations to recover after the war. In that way, Britain was at the mercy of America in some questions and this was felt as a threat. So, with â€Å"not just anybody† he could be referring to the Americans, he needs help but from his context , from the people who is in the same situation as himself. It could also be interpreted as a protest against the situation of unemployment, because of the continuous decline of industry and the dramatic raise of people working in services. If it is so, in the second stanza he means that now everything has changed since in the former years there were not those types of problems. In the 50’s there were almost full employment due to the necessity of reconstructing the country after the war. Thus, in that period the authors doesn’t need that kind of help because unemployment was not a problem. All those interpretation could be acceptable when analysing the two first paragraphs isolated, but when I arrived to the last sentence of the second paragraph and go on reading, I came to the conclusion that what the author is really referring to is the new situation of young people in Britain in those years. I mean, the youth of Britain had started to get an increased spending power and independence in the early 60’s. They had started to get better jobs and they could afford even a motorcycle. For that reason the authors could be saying â€Å"I’ve changed my mind and opened up the doors†. I interpreted this sentence in the way that because of the different role of the youth in society they had also to change their own point of view and to open their minds to the new possibilities that are presenting for them at that moment. Because of the same reason they are saying â€Å"get my feet back on the ground†: the situation is much better for them but things co uld change again, so is important to have in mind this and to maintain the feet on the ground. With this change in the standard of living of young people and thanks to music bands such as The Beatles, Britain became the centre of the music, fashion and pop worlds, and for a few years everyone wanted to film in Britain too. It was full of creativity and optimism which was totally contrary to the mood of the country a few years previously. The song could be referring to that fact too. The song continues with this topic since it says: â€Å"my life has changed in so many ways† and then started to explain some negative sides of that situation(the next three lines)Now he’s independent but independence is not always good. With this, it could also be referring to the fact that Britain has no more power over the colonies, it is no more an Empire, so it is â€Å"independent† in a way (though now it is more dependent on America). The lost of the colonies meant a great shock for most of the British population who had to become accustomed to the idea of not being an Empire any more. Because of that reason they could be saying â€Å"I feel so insecure† or â€Å"When I was youngerBut now these days are gone , I’m not so self assured†. Then â€Å"Now I fond I have changed my mind and opened up the doors† : people are forgetting that and trying to continue with their lives though in a very different way. Imagine has many differences with the previous text. It is completely immerse in the hippie culture that was arising in England as an influence of the US. This song became almost an hymn for those activist, above all, against war. These groups started to appear around 1965. In that way it is a point in common with Help! because it deals with the youth of those times though in a different way: it talks about subcultures. Those subcultures were mainly against the traditional culture and they stood out because of their clothes. The first stanza of this song has to do with religion. It explains how a world without those beliefs and distinctions would be better. At that time religion seems to be insignificant as a part of British identity. People started to believe less in God, and the song says that it is good. The second paragraph deals with wars. It remembers the period of the two world wars where a great amount of countries were confronted and where too much people died. It emphasises again the no necessity of religion which could also be a cause to fight. At that time there was the problem of the Cold War, and it is difficult to remember a time without any war in the world, it is almost a dream: â€Å"Imagine all the people living life in peace†. That was one of the main aims of the hippies, to fight against war. The third paragraph puts its emphasis in the question of money and the social classes. In the 60’s/ 70’s social classes did not seem to be so clearly distinguished thanks to the Welfare State, although there were obvious social differences according to the criteria of money. The song â€Å"imagines† a world without social distinctions, it is an idealistic point of view very close to the idea of Utopia. The world would be â€Å" A brotherhood of man† without discriminations caused by differences of social status, race or gender. People could â€Å"share the world† without fighting for it. To conclude the song, it goes to the central idea: the subculture of the hippies. It is saying that those ideas are not coming from the mind of a single person but many people share that way of thinking. The last two lines are inviting us to join that movement and to live as they want: in peace. Both songs have in common that they talk about the youth. But they have different perspectives since when the first one was written all this movement was beginning to consolidate while in the early 70’s it was already developing in a great way. Help! is questioning the past and whether the future will be better in the way that things are changing. With Imagine things are more clear and there are whole youth subcultures with his own ideologies to try to change the world or to try to make it clear that they are against the way it works. In conclusion, it all has to do with a process of maturation of both authors who felt that things were beginning to change but who still had not clear what position thy should take till a few years later, when things were more clearly defined. Research Papers on British Popular Culture and The Music That Followed - Music EssayHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to AfricaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

The Origins of African-American Christianity Essay

The Origins of African-American Christianity - Essay Example Traditional Ibo Religion and Culture written by Olaudah Equiano in the book’s first chapter adequately describes the traditional black religion. He specifically narrates the dichotomy of people involved in this ancient tradition. Hence, the account gives the reader an insight about the set-up of the mentioned African religion. Equiano gives an example that in the Ibo religion, places of worship merit no importance. Yet, he briefly explains that the traditional religion has priests and magicians as superiors of their worship. At the same time, the author expounds this information by explaining the multiple tasks of these religious leaders in the form of traditional witch-doctors (Equiano 14-16). Equiano does not only focus on the key personalities in Ibo religion, he also expounds on their beliefs and the rituals that form a specific culture. He narrates the burial culture of the African people and the accompanying beliefs that they incorporate death with poison (Equiano 17-18) . However, the author gives light to Christianity that the blacks had encountered in America. He mentions the belief in God and the injustice that is created with the slave trade (Equiano 18). African Religions in Colonial Jamaica by Bryan Edwards in the book’s next chapter further expounds the traditional African religion in the American colonies in the Caribbean. Once again, this specific segment brings the reader into the context of slavery where the blacks retain the tradition they had come to know in their native African home. The discourse of Edwards in this portion is indeed simple: he shares to the audience the taboo rituals of the African slaves which is predominant in the Christian lands of the American colonies (Edwards 20-23). How important is the second chapter to the first? Edward’s narrative tends to explain the strength of the African tradition and religion that is presented in the first. It is in this part that he details the culture that has been form ed during the height of the slave trade in the Americas. This chapter solidifies the transposition of the African experience unto foreign soils, thus creating an African Diaspora. The third chapter acts as glue to the first and the second because it discusses the eventual conversion of the African slaves to Christianity. Slave Conversion on the Carolina Frontier by Francis Le Jau is to be considered as the most reliable primary source when it comes to the history of black Christianity in the Americas. This particular account divulges Le Jau’s efforts of converting the native and African Americans in South Carolina to Anglicanism, the state religion of the British Colonial Empire. It explains the primary reason of their utter conversion – the opposition to black slavery and the abuses of the planters. The Reverend’s first hand experiences with the converts gave him an initial view of what America would turn into after the British rule – a society of mixed white and black Americans. This chapter also serves as basis for the growth that black Christianity would experience up to the outburst of the American Revolution. As what each chapter has narrated, the reader can see the importance narrative development in the respective authors’

Genetic Health information Critical thinking questions Assignment - 1

Genetic Health information Critical thinking questions - Assignment Example 4). The genetic code found in our DNA, has many potential insights for individual resistances and susceptibilities to diseases. The HGP is quite distinct from other biomedical research because it has been defined by a series of very quantifiable and concrete goals. For example, it has been used to construct physical and genetic maps. These maps have been used as vital research tools and have proved to be invaluable in determining more than 100 genes involved in diseases such as achondroplasia, breast cancer, colon cancer, and Huntington disease. HGP has simplified the human genetic code as well as animals and plants in a four-letter alphabet. These chemical constituents of each DNA molecule are A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine) and T (thymine). The project has been able to explain that there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each human cell, and each contains millions of these nucleotides. Through the project, it has been proved that there are 3 billion nucleotides. Studies on these chromosomes have been used clinically to explain to expectant mothers if they are going to give birth to a baby boy or girl. HGP has led to improved techniques of genetic screening for various diseases before birth. A genetic library has been created. This library contains genetic information of relatively homogeneous regions in human DNA. Therefore, individuals do not have considerable variability at this locus. If it is found out that a genetic disease is produced from a specific allele or mutation being present, screening can be done to identify who the individuals are. It is now possible to determine the chances that a child might inherit genetic disorders associated with parents by analyzing the parental gamete DNA. This has allowed genetic disorders to be corrected before birth. Research is also being carried on rapid selection and insertion of DNA into human individuals; these may soon lead to reproduction

The principle ,method and applications of fluid pressure measuring Coursework

The principle ,method and applications of fluid pressure measuring - Coursework Example For example, the pressure at the bottom of a dam is equivalent to the ratio of the weight and the area of the column covered by the water. Fluid pressure can be caused by acceleration, gravity or hydraulic systems those results into force thus affecting static fluid pressure. Fluid pressure applies in all directions hence internal pressure of a fluid is equivalent to the external. In this regard, if either pressure is different (internal or external) the object holding the fluid would break. This principle explains the reasons why dams are always constructed thicker at the bottom. The fluid pressure increases as you go deep through the fluid column. The fluid pressure at any point in this case depends on how deep that point is from the surface of the water. If the surface of the water is flat or if the water surface is not tilted to any side, then pressure at point having the same level of depth will always be the same. However, other factors such as can affect fluid pressure. Having described what fluid pressure entails, it is imperative to discuss how this fluid pressure is measured. The theory and principles of fluid pressure measuring Fluid pressure is measured by application of the first principle mentioned in the introduction above that fluid pressure is the force exerted by fluid per unit area. It is also important to note that the intensity of transmission of fluid pressure is equal to all directions. This is expressed in Pascal’s law of pressure Pascal’s law of pressure This law was established by a French Blaise Pascal and states that pressure is exerted and transmitted equally in a confined and non compressible fluid thus the initial variations is always the same (Balachandran 2006, p. 237). In this regard, pressure change at any point of the fluid is transmitted wholly to every point of the fluid. Pascal’s principle is used to derive the equation for measuring fluid pressure and changes in fluid pressure. The following diagram d escribes how Pascal’s principle is demonstrated by the fact that the fluid pressure at any point is equal in all the directions. Fluid static law The fluid static law states that increasing depth of fluid results into the increase in pressure (Balachandran 2006, p. 238). This law is also referred to as hydrostatic law which implies that fluid pressure is directly proportional to the depth of the fluid The pressure depth equation For static fluids, the pressure p at depth h and weight w of the fluid can be expressed as Pressure (p) = height of the fluid (h) x density of the fluid (w) The above equation describes the formulae for fluids that are standing still thus this formula describe the force exerted per unit area. The above equation can be used to derive the equation for the total force that is exerted by the fluid on a horizontal base. Since the above equation simply tells us the force exerted per unit area, to get the total force, we multiply force exerted per unit area by the total area of the horizontal base. F = force per unit area (wh) x area (A) = whA The above equation is used to calculate pressure especially when a horizontal plate is submerged in water. The above equation gives the total force exerted on the upper face as a result of fluid pressure. However, when such plate is submerged vertically, then, pressure will vary depending on the height of the fluid column. Pressure = Force p = F/A Area over which the force is applied In this

Ship Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ship Construction - Essay Example Pounding stress can be reduced by reinforcing the hull plating at the bow end of the ship to prevent the plate from bending. Likewise, panting pressure can be countered through reinforcement of the framing at the ship’s end to avoid irregular movement of the hull plating. (Okumoto et. al, 2009) A ship is basically a supported beam that is subjected to waves. This leads to external stresses i.e. sagging and hogging. Hogging occurs when a substantial portion of the center of the vessel is supported by the buoyant force of a wave with the rest of the vessel unsupported. This produces a tensile stress in the deck and also other compressive forces at the bottom of the hull. Likewise, sagging happens the center of the vessel is relatively unsupported with the either ends supported by a wave. The figure below shows the boom structure cut a way of the stress distribution in the hull through the hierarchy of structure and the direction of the stresses. (Derrett & Barrass, 2006) The bending stresses are zero at one location i.e. the neutral axis. Also, the reaction forces are equal at both ends with no rotation. The bending stresses are positive in one flange and negative in the other in the middle of the span. Lastly, the shear stresses are highest in the middle of the span. (Derrett & Barrass, 2006) The main parts of a double bottom include plating, bilge plating, floors, intercostal girders, bilges, brackets, longitudinals, pillars and angle clips. The double bottom mainly extends from the tank top to the flat keel and is watertight so as to keep the ship afloat in case of accidents. The intercostal girders combine with beams to form the deck’s longitudinal framing together with the longitudinals. Brackets are used to connect any two members of the double bottom while bilge plating is a longitudinal plating that is used to connect the bottom plating with the side shell plating. Pillars constitute vertical members that are used to connect the double

Question about the History of Islam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Question about the History of Islam - Assignment Example Unlike the men who dress in any type of cloth, the women must always cover themselves in lengthy hijabs complete with a veil that covers both their faces and hair (Ruggles 77). The unique attire portrays the society’s archaic treatment of women who must always behave differently when in public space and when in their private spaces. The history of Islam and early Islamic society shows a unique position and roles of women, especially in marriages. At such times, marriages were alliances. The men, therefore, married their female children to specific families with the view of creating relations and alliances with the appropriate families. Prophet Mohammad had thirteen wives a feature that portrays his belief and resects of women. The men in Islamic societies believed that a man could take care of as many women as they wished. As such, the polygamous society encouraged men to marry as many women as they wished. This portrays a situation where women did not influence the structure of their families since just as stated earlier, men served as guardians to the women. Furthermore, all of Muhammad’s marriages had political connotations. They served as alliances that influenced his position in the society and in the faith. According to the Sharia laws, virginity was a phenomenal issue in the society since it represented honor to both the girl’s family and society (Haylamaz and Hülya 121). As such, families raised their female children strictly with the view to guarding their virginity. Another equally important feature of Muhammad’s polygamous marriages was the fact that she married widows as well. A number of his wives were widows. Such was a strategic undertaking that sought to influence the position of widows in a society that valued virginity of women.  

Ship Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ship Construction - Essay Example Pounding stress can be reduced by reinforcing the hull plating at the bow end of the ship to prevent the plate from bending. Likewise, panting pressure can be countered through reinforcement of the framing at the ship’s end to avoid irregular movement of the hull plating. (Okumoto et. al, 2009) A ship is basically a supported beam that is subjected to waves. This leads to external stresses i.e. sagging and hogging. Hogging occurs when a substantial portion of the center of the vessel is supported by the buoyant force of a wave with the rest of the vessel unsupported. This produces a tensile stress in the deck and also other compressive forces at the bottom of the hull. Likewise, sagging happens the center of the vessel is relatively unsupported with the either ends supported by a wave. The figure below shows the boom structure cut a way of the stress distribution in the hull through the hierarchy of structure and the direction of the stresses. (Derrett & Barrass, 2006) The bending stresses are zero at one location i.e. the neutral axis. Also, the reaction forces are equal at both ends with no rotation. The bending stresses are positive in one flange and negative in the other in the middle of the span. Lastly, the shear stresses are highest in the middle of the span. (Derrett & Barrass, 2006) The main parts of a double bottom include plating, bilge plating, floors, intercostal girders, bilges, brackets, longitudinals, pillars and angle clips. The double bottom mainly extends from the tank top to the flat keel and is watertight so as to keep the ship afloat in case of accidents. The intercostal girders combine with beams to form the deck’s longitudinal framing together with the longitudinals. Brackets are used to connect any two members of the double bottom while bilge plating is a longitudinal plating that is used to connect the bottom plating with the side shell plating. Pillars constitute vertical members that are used to connect the double

Health and safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health and safety - Essay Example We specialize in manufacturing and supplying all kinds of chemicals for retail and mass consumption, and have been doing so for the last 60 years. Our biggest clients are industries which use most of our products, but retail consumption also forms a significant component of our corporate strategy. We produce organic and industrial chemicals, ceramic products, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers, elastomers, explosives (including ammonium nitrate and nitroglycerin), oleochemicals, fragrances, and flavors. We have a presence in 16 countries, with our biggest markets being the United States and Canada, although Latin America also contributes greatly to our overall growth and success. Because of our sheer size, we employ over 20,000 workers in the 16 countries in which we have a presence. These workers perform a wide range of duties ranging from casual labor to administrative work. Others are also employed in the supply and distribution segment, playing a crucial role in taking our p roducts to our customers. Over the last two years we have embarked on an ambitious expansion program that has helped us to not only grow existing markets but also push into new markets and frontiers. The program has been a huge success considering that only the first phase has been implemented. We intend to roll out the second and final phase in the next month and finish its implementation in two years. Statement of Intent First, I already mentioned that our company manufactures chemicals for industrial and retail consumption. It is well known that chemicals, especially industrial chemicals, are not only very volatile and dangerous, but also highly sensitive. They can cause great damage if mishandled in any way or stored in a manner that makes them more hazardous than they already are. Workers are also predisposed to the dangers of these chemicals since they are the ones charged with handling them during manufacturing, packaging, storage, and distribution. Those workers who do not c ome into contact with these chemicals are also vulnerable indirectly because they spend some time around them. I must say that since we are primarily a manufacturing company, the working conditions of our employees are critical to the success of our business. More importantly, the health and safety conditions of our employees form the backbone of current and future success of the company. We have put in place measures that comply with the requirements of various government agencies like OSHA (occupational safety and health administration), NISH (national institute for occupational safety and health), and the chemical safety board. In addition to this, we regularly cooperate with the aforementioned agencies in order to ensure that we are constantly in compliance with the necessary regulations. This has enabled the company to consistently score highly in industry ratings that are published every year, and used to classify those companies that have best complied with health and safety requirements and made their plants and workplaces safe for all their employees. From a health and safety perspective, the company considers the following things important: a) Safe Working Conditions Our employees are our most valued assets, and therefore we know it would be foolish to let them work in poor and unsafe conditions. We are focused on making our employees feel as comfortable as possible (despite the potential dangers in their

Automotive Industries in Thailand Essay Example for Free

Automotive Industries in Thailand Essay Contribution of MNC’s in automotive industry: Most of the developing countries consider that the automotive industry will move the country toward an intensive industrialisation by creating a large set of related businesses. Thailand aims to be regarded as the Detroit of Asia. The country has engaged in the last few decades in the development of the automotive industry, with a special focus on domestic auto-assembly. Thailand is the worlds second largest pick-up truck market after the U.S., and it is ASEANs largest automotive market and assembler. Today all leading Japanese car producers as well as BMW, Mercedes Benz, General Motors, Ford, Volvo, and Peugeot, assemble cars in Thailand along with their group of subcontractors and suppliers. Thailand has become the main production base for auto exports in South East Asia. Thailand is considered as one of the most attractive countries for automotive investments mainly due to factors such as the good and growing domestic market size, the relative political stability, liberal trade and investment policy, and the lack of a national car program. The automotive industry is Thailands third largest industry, employing an estimated total workforce of about 225,000 employees, and with a total production capacity of around 1,270,100 cars and trucks per year. Japanese-make automobiles have dominated the local auto market; with nearly 90% market share but other global vehicle manufacturers’ investments are growing consistently, creating a very dynamic industry. New global parts manufacturers are in the process of relocating some of their operations to Thailand. Thailand has 16 vehicle assemblers; most of them are large-scale foreign owned or joint venture enterprises. As well, there are more than 1100 small and medium sized companies working as suppliers of original equipment (OEM),  or producing replacement equipment (REM). The automotive industry in Thailand is very concentrated with most of the factories located in the Samut Prakarn province (approximately 20 km south of Bangkok), followed by Rayong (approximately 130 km south-east of Bangkok). The largest car producer is Toyota, and in 2003 it was the first manufacturer to establish a local RD centre in Thailand. However, this type of initiative, a cooperative arrangement between MNCs and local universities, is so far not a widespread practice in Thailand. Therefore, there is a stringent need to understand the mechanisms allowing for knowledge transfer and sharing, if Thailand wants to position itself as a very competitive country, not only in the automotive industry but in other industrial sectors as well. Thailand benefits from these companies operations as almost 18% of labour and employment are generated by the automotive industry.

Design Of The Rear Spoiler For Road Vehicles Engineering Essay

Design Of The Rear Spoiler For Road Vehicles Engineering Essay ABSTRACT When objects move through air, forces are generated by the relative motion between the air and surfaces of the object. Aerodynamics is the study of these forces, generated by the motion of air, usually aerodynamics are categorized according to the type of flow as subsonic, hypersonic, supersonic The spoiler is also a part of the aerodynamics. The function of the spoiler is to spoil the unfavourable flow of air flowing through the car and generate a proportional downforce. This work describes the design and the performance of the rear spoiler. Content 1. Introduction6 2. Literature Review7 2.1 Principle7 2.2 Working of Rear wing8 2.3Criteria for efficiency of the spoiler..9 3. Material..12 3.1 Material Types12 3.2 ABS Material12 4. Design calculation..13 5. Applications15 6. Conclusion..16 Figures Fig. 2.1.8 Fig. 2.2.9 Fig. 2.3..10 Tables Table 1..13 Table 1..14 Chapter 1 Introduction A spoiler is an aerodynamic device which is used to spoil the unfavourable air (unwanted movement of air like turbulence) of a car which is in motion. Basically this device fitted to the front and rear of the vehicle. The front spoiler also called as front wing or air dam, and the rear spoiler is also called as rear wing. From historical point of view, post-world-war 11 automobile racing was initially dominated by developments related to engine technology, and later to tire advancements. During the 1960s, race car aerodynamics evolved as an important and relatively inexpensive technology that could place less well-funded teams. Over time, the cars aerodynamics on vehicles has become more refined as cars are now tested in expensive wind tunnels as part of continued development process. The biggest jump in speed occurred in the 1972 with the first efficient use of front and rear wings. It has even nearly become one of the only aspects of performance gain due to the very marginal gains that can currently be made by engine changes or other mechanic component development. Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Principle: The main principle of the spoiler is to reduce the rear end lift that means to increase the downforce and to spoil unfavourable air movement across a body. Lift is one of the main aerodynamic forces imposed on a vehicle, but unlike drag, lift can be manipulated to enhance the performance of a car. Lift is the force that acts on a vehicle normal to the road surface that the vehicle rides on. Lift usually has the effect of pulling or lifting the vehicle away from the surface it drives on. However, by manipulating the car geometry it is possible to create negative lift, or down-force. Down-force enhances vehicle performance by increasing the normal load on the tires. This increases the potential cornering force which results in the ability of the vehicle to corner faster. This down force can be compared to a virtual increase in weight, there by pressing the car down onto the road and increasing the available frictional force between the car tyres and the road, which in effect enables higher cornering speeds. Drag is the aerodynamics force that resists the vehicles motion through a fluid and points backwards. Drag is detrimental to vehicle performance as it can limit the top speed of a vehicle and increase the fuel consumption, both of which are negative consequences for vehicles. Its size is proportional to the speed differential between the air and the solid object. What this wings or spoilers does is it prevents the separation of flow and thereby preventing the formation of vortices or helps to fill the vacuum in the rear end more effectively thus reducing drag. So what actually this wings does is that, The wing works by differentiating pressure on the top and bottom surface of the wing. As mentioned previously, the higher the speed of a given volume of air, the lower the pressure of that air, and vice-versa. What a wing does is make the air passing under it travel a larger distance than the air passing over it (in race car applications). Because air molecules approaching the leading edge of the wing are forced to separate, some going over the top of the wing, and some going under the bottom, they are forced to travel differing distances in order to Meet up again at the trailing edge of the wing. This is part of Bernoullis theory. What happens is that the lower pressure area under the wing allows the higher pressure area above the wing to push down on the wing, and hence the car its mounted to. The way a real, shaped wing works is essentially the same as an airplane wing, but its inverted. An airplane wing produces lift, a car wing produces negative lift or in other words what we call us, downforce. That lift is generated by a difference in pressure on both sides of the wing.    Well, if you look closely at the drawings, youll see that the upper side of the wing is relatively straight, but the bottom side is curved. This means that the air that goes above the wing travels a relatively straight path, which is short. The air under the wing has to follow the curve, and hence travel a greater distance. Now theres Bernoullis law, which basically states that the total amount of energy in a volume of fluid has to remain constant. (Unless you heat it or expose an enclosed volume of it to some form of mechanical work) If you assume the air doesnt move up and down too much, it boils down to this: if air (or any fluid, for that matter) speeds up, its pressure drops. From an energetic point of view, this makes sense: if more energy is needed to maintain the speed of the particles, theres less energy left do do work by applying pressure to the surfaces. In short: on the underside, air has to travel further in the same amount of time, which means it has to speed up, which means its pressure drops. More pressure on top of the wing and less on the underside results in a net downward force called downforce. 2.2 How the rear wing works: The rear wing assists the front wing and rear diffuser in the overall downforce setup of the car. The angle of the wing is adjusted according to each specific Grand Prix circuit, depending on the amount of downforce required, the weather and the amount of mechanical grip available. The end plates located at the sides of the wing are designed to smooth the meeting of two different airflows the high pressure air above the car tries to switch places with the low pressure air below the car and it is this that causes the spinning flow of air behind the car. When these two forces meet they form a vortex, a spinning flow of air which is very turbulent. 2.3 The efficiency of the wings is based on following criteria: Aspect Ratio The amount of downforce produced by a wing is determined by its size. The length to width ratio is called the aspect ratio; the larger the wing the greater the downforce. As the higher the Aspect ratio more efficient the wing will be. The higher the aspect ratio, the less air resistance created by the vortex at the wing tips. The aspect ratio is the span of the air foil (the long dimension perpendicular to the air flow) divided by its dimension parallel to the airflow. The angle of attack Fig 2.1 The efficiency of the wing is the downforce to drag ratio. The amount of downforce generated depends upon the angle or tilt of the wing. The greater the angle of attack the more the downforce will be created. While increasing downforce a wing also increases unwanted drag. Drag increases with the angle of attack as already stated. The downforce generated by the wing acts in vertical downward direction, while drag acts in the opposite direction to the air flow. Fig 2.2 From the above two graphs of coefficient of drag VS angle of attack the coefficient of drag can be assumed, if the angle of attack is 80 then the coefficient of drag will be 0.07. The height of the wing: The third thing is the height of the spoiler. The height also affects the performance of the spoiler. The gap between the trunk lid and the wing can make air to pass easily. The fig shows the effect of the height of the wing on the car. So the height is taken as 130 mm. Fig 2.3 Chapter 3 Material 3.1 Material types Spoilers are usually made of: ABS plastic Most original equipment manufacturers create spoilers produced by casting ABS plastic with various admixtures, which bring in plasticity to this inexpensive but fragile material. Frailness is a main disadvantage of plastic, which increases with product age and is caused by the evaporation of volatile phenols. Fibreglass Used in car parts production due to the low cost of the manufacturing process. Fibreglass spoilers consist of fibreglass filler fastened with synthetic tar. Fibreglass is sufficiently durable and workable, but has become unprofitable for large scale production. Silicon more recently, many auto accessory manufacturers are using silicon-organic polymers. The main benefit of this material is its phenomenal plasticity. Silicon possesses extra high thermal characteristics and provides a longer product lifetime. Carbon fibreglass based on carbon fibre is the youngest material on the automotive aftermarket. Carbon is light weight, durable, but also a very expensive material. Unlike ordinary fibreglass, solidification of the connecting tar takes place in a pressure chamber using high temperatures. Due to the very large amount of waste during the manufacturing process, large scale producers cannot widely use carbon fiber in automobile parts production currently. 3.2 ABS Material ABS  Resistance: Excellent resistance (no attack) to Glycerine, Inorganic Salts, Alkalis, Many Acids, Most Alcohols and Hydrocarbons Limited resistance (moderate attack and suitable for short term use only) to Weak Acids Poor resistance (not recommended for use with) Strong Acids and Solvents, Ketones, Aldehydes, Esters, and some Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ABS  Quick Facts: Maximum Temperature: 80 °C Minimum Temperature: -40 °C Autoclavable:  No Melting Point: 221 °F 105 °C Tensile Strength: 4,300 psi Hardness: R110 UV Resistance:  Poor Translucent Rigid Specific Gravity: 1.04 ABS Fabrication: It can be thermo-formed, pressure formed, blow moulded, sheared, sawed, drilled, or even cold stamped Joints can be ultrasonic welded, thermo-welded, and chemically bonded Impact resistant Commonly used for telephone bodies, safety helmets, piping, furniture, car components, TV casings, radios, control panels, and similar Chapter 4 Design Calculations The design of the rear wing or spoiler of the car is totally dependent on the coefficient of the drag. Higher the coefficient of drag, greater the performance of that spoiler. The coefficient of drag is directly proportional to the angle of the spoiler where the air attacks. As the angle increases the drag coefficient increases. To design the spoiler the width of the car should be necessary to consider the wing span that means the total length of the spoiler. The following table shows the most common width of the cars: Table 1 Honda City Toyota Corolla Kia Forte Mitsubishi Lancer Width 1715 1710 1775 1770 By considering the common width in the range of 1700 1780 mm, the length of the spoiler 1700mm can be acceptable to create the max drag force. The formula for downforce of a wing is given by: Where: D  is downforce in  Newton WS  is  wingspan  in metres H  is height in metres AoA  is  angle of attack F  is drag coefficient à Ã‚ Ã‚  is  air density  in kg/m ³ V  is  velocity  in m/s The data for the calculation of the spoiler is as follows: Table 2 WS/ Length 1700mm 1.7 m Height 100mm 0.1 m Angle of attack 150 (15 x à Ã¢â€š ¬/180) 0.26 radians Coefficient of drag (according to AOA) 0.015 0.015 Density of air (à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ) 1.2 1.2 Max. Velocity (V) 200 km/hr (200/3.6) 55.55 m/s The angle of attack is taken as 150, because the car should have some downforce but in some limit. So if the angle of attack increased the drag will increase which can affect the performance of the vehicle like less fuel economy. Therefore the angle 150 is the perfect angle for the road vehicle spoiler. Also to design spoiler the second thing is the speed of the vehicle. To achieve the best performance max speed required that is 200km/hr for a normal road vehicle. The third thing is the height of the spoiler. The height also affects the performance of the spoiler. The gap between the trunk lid and the wing can make air to pass easily. So the height is taken as 100 mm. Therefore by substituting the above values in the formula, D = x (1.7 x 0.13 x 0.26) x 0.015 x 1.2 x (55.55)2 D = 1.595 N Therefore the downforce created by the spoiler is 1.2275 N. This could be acceptable for a normal road vehicle. Chapter 5 Applications Cars have spoilers to increase their grip on the road. Normally the weight of a car is the only thing that forces the tires down onto the pavement. Without spoilers, the only way to increase the grip would be to increase the weight, or to change the compound the tire was made out of. The only problem with increasing the weight is that it doesnt help in turns, where you really want to grip. All that extra weight has inertia, which you have to overcome to turn, so increasing the weight doesnt help at all. The way the spoiler works is like an airplane wing, but upside down. The spoiler actually generates whats called down force on the body of the car.   Chapter 6 Conclusion The design of spoiler described in this project can be used for any road vehicle having width at least 1700mm. The main aim to design this type of spoiler is to improve the overall performance of the car with respect to dragforce. The designed spoiler could be give the best result if it will be in use.

Importance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishme

Importance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment explores the dangerous effects of St. Petersburg, a malignant city, on the psyche of the impoverished student Raskolnikov. In this novel, Petersburg is more than just a backdrop. The city plays a central role in the development of the characters and the actions that they take. Raskolnikov survives in one of the cramped, dark spaces that are characteristic of Petersburg. These spaces are like coffins; they suffocate Raskolnikov's mind. St. Petersburg creates a grotesque environment in which Raskolnikov can not only create the "Overman Theory," but he can also carry it out by murdering a pawnbroker in cold blood, then justify his actions with the belief that society will be better off without her. Raskolnikov finds no relief outside of his cramped room; the Petersburg climate is just as oppressive to the psyche as the cramped space of Raskolnikov’s room. Not only is the outside air dangerous; it forces him to find relief in the devilâ₠¬â„¢s tavern. While wandering the infernal streets of St. Petersburg, Raskolnikov enters the devil’s realm in the form of Petersburg taverns. These are evil places, where treacherous ideas of robbery and murder circulate. Raskolnikov overhears the twisted idea to kill the pawnbroker inside one of these infested taverns. The malignant nature of the spaces in Petersburg allows Raskolnikov to embrace the Overman Theory and the Arithmetic of Morality. Raskolnikov justifies killing the pawnbroker because he concludes that it is rational, just, and pure arithmetic. One person must die so that the lives of numerous others may be saved. The Arithmetic of Morality appears logical to Raskolniko... ...turmoil. For Marmeladov, this leads to his self-destruction as an alcoholic, throwing his life and the life of his family away in taverns; for Raskolnikov it causes him to murder two defenseless women, hoping to steal money that can be used to help others. Both these men mean no harm by their actions, but their cramped, isolated environment molds them into grotesque characters who seem to act not of their own will, but as though pulled through life by the forces of St. Petersburg. Works Cited Bely, Andrei. Petersburg. Trans. Robert A. Maguire and John E. Malmstad. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978.    Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York: Penguin Signet Classic, 1968.    Gogol, Nikolai. "The Overcoat." The Collected Tales of Nikolai Gogol. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998. 394-435.

Free Essays - Themes and Voices in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays

Themes and Voices in Frankenstein There are many different narrative voices that take place in the novel Frankenstein. These narrative voices not only help the reader appeal to different characters, but they develop characters personality as well. The monster's character evolves in many ways throughout the novel, depending on the point of view it's coming from. When the monster himself speaks (first person) the reader tends to feel sympathy as well as pity, towards him. He is loving and gentle at the beginning of his life, childlike in his curiosity and experiences, but after several harsh encounters with humans, he becomes bitter. Thus seeking revenge on his creator for making him so hideous and rendering him permanently lonely because of his ugliness. He doesn't come across nearly as horrific as he is believed to be in the eyes of Frankenstein. All the monster wanted was to love and to be loved in return and instead he was the true outcast of society. The monster shows a unique ability to analyze humanity because, though he's not a human himself, he has the intelligence of one. He explains, "I heard about the slothful Asiatics; of the stupendous genius and mental activity of the Grecians; of the wars and wonderfu l virtue of the early Romans--of their subsequent degenerating--of the decline of that mighty empire; of chivalry, Christianity, and kings." This synopsis of culture in a nutshell shows the monster's ability to put humanity in perspective. Yet this education only furthers the monster's realization that he is disconnected from the humans he admires. The reader's take on the monster however changes dramatically when Victor is the narrator. Frankenstein's creation becomes a wretched and terrible villain of the story when it is told through him (third person). For example Victor's disgust and hatred for the monster is evident right from the first time he sees him, as he says "A flash of lightning illuminated the object and discovered its shape plainly to me; its gigantic stature, and the deformity of its aspect, more hideous than belongs to humanity, instantly informed me that it was the wretch, the filthy demon to whom I had given life." When the story is told through Victor it is all about what the monster is doing to him and how heartless the creature is.

Identity and belonging Essay

1. Familial and societal values and expectations define who we are. Our parents are at the centre of our upbringing and teach us values, attitudes and beliefs that help to define us from our conception and birth. Family expectations can either act as a burden on a child’s sense of self and abilities, or an opportunity to learn and grow. In order to preserve their cultural identity, some parents tend to preserve their traditions and language by entrusting nuances of their national heritage onto their children. There is often a tension between children’s desire to follow their own dreams and ambitions, and the hopes and expectations of their parents. Sometimes a compromise must be made. Our actions and decisions are restricted by the expectations that our parents have of us, which then manifests itself into a vast change in our identity as we may not be following our instincts. We construct a sense of ourselves through social interaction in our family from an early age. They set the examples for us to follow and we subconsciously adapt to share similar lifestyles and ideals. Adherence to pre-existing guidelines that define social groups, and to the expectations of others, can often be the easiest and in some cases the only path to fitting in. Especially during the teenage years, there is a need for others’ validation and adherence to social convention. 2. Establishing an adult identity. Determining who we are and where we belong as adults is influenced by both our past and our present, by what we already know and what we yearn for in our lives. Finding peers, friends and partners who respect and accept our presence is a vital part of our establishment of an adult identity. Our identity gets more complicated with the passage of time. With age comes new frontiers, challenges and opportunities that individuals can grasp with either hesitation or optimism. The movement from an adolescent identity to an adult identity can often be a challenging one, particularly when the experience is fuelled by frustration, mishap and confusion. Being an  adolescent or young adult is a time fraught with fear for the future and uncertainty, since the body and the mind experience great change – physical, physiological and social change. As gregarious and cognisant beings, we loathe ostracism and desire assimilation. 3. Families and intimate relationships with others shape who we are. Families ideally provide love, protection, security and the opportunity for us to find out who we are. The need to belong is an intrinsic motivation in all humans to feel accepted and valued by others through sustained, meaningful connections that validate our role in society. Not all families provide the same kinds of opportunities for personal growth and, even in the most stable and supportive families, pressures to conform may occur. While we do not choose our families, we can choose the close connections we forge with other people. A desire to belong is also a desire to connect with others. Changing circumstances can precipitate a change in our close and intimate relationships, which in turn reshapes and further develops our identity. It may seem that our everyday lives are filled with mundane routine, however we eventually realise that every relationship and commitment gradually becomes a significant part of who we are and how we see the world. 4. Groups and communities provide us with a sense of belonging. Groups and communities can provide security, support and acceptance in our lives. By nature, human beings are not solitary creatures. Belonging is an inherent aspect of our human condition that is a universally ubiquitous concept in humanity. Examples of groups include families, factions, teams, clubs, schools and workplaces. Contributing to the social fabric can have a positive effect on our sense of self – it can enhance our self-esteem as well as our self-worth. Not only do we belong to a family group, but also to racial, religious and cultural groups – even without our knowledge (passive). We fulfill the need for belonging satisfactorily when the group values and respects the contribution our presence makes to the group. Belonging to a group often carries with it a sense of exclusivity or privilege. It also fosters a feeling that we are accepted and loved. Belonging can often be contradictory in nature as people may want to belong to a group or organisation out of fear of being left out or ostracised. To attain a sense of social integration, we attempt to affiliate ourselves with groups that share mutual values and ideologies which affirm our identity and social role. It is often difficult to belong if we hold different ideas, beliefs and values from the majority of a group or community. Refusing to conform to the expectations of the majority – especially in schools or workplaces – can take considerable courage and strength of character. Misalignment between individual and group identity will have the same isolating effect as social solicitude, leaving us spiritually disoriented and emotionally desolate. 5. Our identity can often be challenged. The people and ideas we encounter on a daily basis change the way we see the world and how we see ourselves. Our identity develops as we grow and change. As teenagers we may be challenged by peer pressure and thus might be easily swayed by others with stronger personalities. Our beliefs – political, religious and personal – may also be challenged and our identities reshaped as a result. Beliefs add meaning to our lives and connect us to others, by giving a sense of direction and purpose. If our beliefs are shunned, all semblance of our individuality and character can sometimes be diminished. When we are disconnected from others, we tend to view our own ideals and values unfavourably because they are ‘different’ from the rest of society. This disparity can place a burden on one’s self-worth and identity. In some circumstances the only method to find our true self is to go against the boundaries applied to use by others. Overemphasis on adapting ourselves to satisfy what others think and desire can cause individuals to turn into such parochial beings that we lose sight of reality and who we really are. Knowing who we are and where we belong is fundamental and it allows us to live as happy and confident individuals able to reject conformity. We are all part of a family, a community and a culture. While we think of ourselves as being individuals, we must also accept that as social creatures we like to feel like we belong and feel safe. This, in turn, gives us the confidence to be †me†. The clothes we wear, the music we listen to, the  football team we belong to, even the school we attend forms the parcel of who we are. 6. Choosing not to belong. Conforming to the needs of a group can often stifle one’s true identity, and thus an individual can choose not to belong to a certain group. Whilst belonging suggests a desire to be connected to others, it may also result in a dependence on others and a subsequent loss of individuality. Choosing not to belong to the mainstream can be a difficult yet rewarding decision. An individual may define themselves in opposition to social norms and expectations. When an individual decides that they do not want to belong to a specific group or community, they demonstrate strength and courage, as well as a dominant, unique identity that is able to cope on its own. However, there may be some drawbacks. In not belonging and conforming to a group or community, we may be left feeling lost, confused and without purpose in life, regardless of the strength of our individuality. If we do not fulfill the fundamental necessity for social integration, we may feel isolated from a world that we share n othing with and lose the sense of purpose that defined social roles are able to provide. If this crucial aspect of the human condition is not fulfilled, we may lose all semblance of our identity and place in society. The nature of isolation holds no benefits for the individual, as it disallows an individual to view life in a positive manner, and denies them the right of relishing upon the positives in life. When individuals are alienated, they tend to lose their sense of identity because they feel as though they are ‘nothing’; to the world they do not exist. 7. In order to belong, we must make sacrifices. To gain a true sense of acceptance sometimes requires compromise. Because there will inevitably be conflict between the views of the individual and that of the group, we must often conceal or renounce nuances of our true character that are contradictory to the group’s collective identity. In order to belong to a group, we have to give up some of our individual  freedom. Sometimes we may even have to compromise certain personal beliefs or modify our behaviour in order to fulfill an impulse to belong. This means belonging will invariably challenge our identity by forcing us to either uphold our own values or conform to the will of the group. Thus, a sense of belonging can benefit or hinder personal development. A sense of belonging can either support or detract from our personal identity. We must make compromises to suit which direction we would like to take in our lives. While in some instances belonging may challenge identity, identity and belonging must coexist in society. This is because identity is actually formulated through perceptions of individuals and that without social groups, identity would only be a figment of one’s imagination. In a society which inherently seeks to categorise individuals and others’ acceptance is based largely on the extent to which one conforms, it is paramount that every individual finds their genuine place in the world. Despite the often horrific consequences that come attached to defying convention, the determination to find who we truly are is sometimes so great that we are willing to risk everything in order to try. Some sort of balance must be reached such that we feel validated and significant but also understand our true selves. Conforming with prevailing culture has the capacity to strip an individual of their identity or at least parts of it – it is the self that is compromised and dampened. Isolated are those who maintain individuality to the detriment of collectivism. Assimilated are those who unconditionally accept conformity; entropy awaits those who have no regard for self and others; but salient are those who are able to maintain a discernible element of individuality whilst concurrently achieving societal acceptance. It is difficult to fulfill these dual impulses: to belong to a group, and to be free to express one’s individuality. This is the distinction between accepta nce and the exertion of individual identity (through personality, beliefs, gestures etc.). 8. A sense of belonging can strengthen our identity by assigning us defined social roles. We are more likely to uphold our own values and personal beliefs if we are under some form of obligation to do so. Roles can be both explicit (teacher) and implicit (bully). Where we sit in the social hierarchy can affect how we see and how we feel about ourselves. While there are no specific rules or conventions for such roles, we are inclined to behave in a way that is synonymous with our designated ‘identity’ so that we meet other people’s expectations. In all of the social groups that we as individuals belong to, we have a status to abide by and a role to fulfill. Status is our relative social position within a group or community, whilst a role is the part our society expects us to play in such a status. For example, a man may have the status of father in his family, and is thus expected to nurture, educate, guide and protect his children. Mothers usually have complementary roles. One can also have multiple roles and statuses – such as an uncle, grandfather and so on. 9. Individual growth comes from belonging. Individuals gain more from belonging to a group than from living in isolation. Most groups have certain expectations that members must conform to, but they also provide a forum in which individuals make valuable connections with others and enrich/reinforce/question their identities. Members of a group can also teach each other, sharing the wisdom they have gained from their life experiences. The wisdom is used to enrich the group’s collective knowledge. Belonging can facilitate or perhaps stifle personal growth. 10. Types of identity and belonging. Types of identity: Career: lawyer, nurse, politician. Family: father, mother, older sister, cousin. Skills: athletic, intelligent, leader. Cultural: history, tradition, religion, ethics. Social: peer group, clique, club, gang. Also collective/multiple/gender identity. Types of belonging: Relationships: family, friends, partner, teacher. Social: groups, classes, clubs, organisations. Environment: Australia, metropolitan, farm.

Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay

The four elements of financial management are planning, controlling, organizing and directing, and decision making. These four elements will be defined and explained in this paper. Also emphasized will be the accepted accounting principles and the general financial ethical standards. Examples of ethical standards of conduct and financial reporting practices will be explored and notated in this paper as well. All of these points are important in the accounting practice of health care management to help the organizations run smoothly and to be financially stable. Four Elements of Financial Management Planning lets a health care organization set goals and guidelines to make sure their office is a success and that all accomplishments are met. Controlling is ensuring that all areas within the healthcare organization are following goals and guidelines set and gives the organization the opportunity to prepare for any issues that may arise. Organizing and directing ensures that the health care organization is working to its potential and allows them to work on a day to day basis and fix any issues that may be looming. Lastly, decision making works off all of the other elements (planning, controlling, organizing and directing) by collecting information and making the final decisions on how the financial management will work. General Accepted Accounting Principles â€Å"The common set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to compile their financial statements. GAAP are a combination of authoritative standards (set by policy boards) and simply the commonly accepted ways of recording and reporting accounting information† (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles , n.d.). Even with GAAP being a set of  standards, there are still companies that will finagle numbers on their financial statements, so their financial statements will have to be scrutinized tremendously. General Financial Ethical Standards â€Å"Ethical standards are determined largely by professional accounting and finance organizations and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Small-business owners who plan to perform their own accounting services or hire accountants should be aware of accounting principles and general financial ethical standards so they can maintain a positive reputation for their businesses† (Morley, n.d.). Competence is one of the ethical standards that is key for a financial officer to uphold in an organization. Financial managers should follow the GAAP and stay up to date with its guidelines. They should also uphold honesty and integrity. Examples of Ethical Standards of Conduct Ethical standards of conduct is a set of standards that each company sets for themselves. There is no consistent standards of conduct for a business, but they must include, promoting values, trust, good behavior, fairness, and kindness. They are not easily enforceable and are always open to interpretation. For example, men and women should be treated equally or treat the patient with respect. Nightingale Home Healthcare code of ethics are direct and descriptive. Some of their ethical standards of conduct are listed as: â€Å"all business conduct should be well above the minimum standards required by the law, each employee is responsible for the consequences of his or her actions, each employee must be the guardian of Nightingale’s ethics, leaders at Nightingale have extra responsibility of setting an example by their personal performance and an attitude that conveys Nightingales ethical values, our first responsibility is to the patient and patient’s families that we p rovide our services† (Corporate Social Responsibility-Code of Ethics , n.d.). There are numerous points of their code of ethics but they serve a purpose and that purpose to make sure their company is ran efficiently and respectfully. Financial Reporting Practices â€Å"A distinguishing characteristic of high performance organizations is a strong internal control structure-controls that ensure patient care,  compliance with regulations, internal efficiencies, and financial reporting. It is controls on financial reporting that are receiving a great deal of attention under a new law, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Public companies are now required by law to document controls over financial reporting, in order to fully address exposures and the effectiveness of current controls. Though many healthcare organizations are not directly affected by the law, regulatory agencies could follow suit and require similar compliance. In fact, several states have introduced bills that require nonprofit organizations to adhere to portions of the act. This article provides a guide for organizations desiring to stay ahead of the curve† (Godwin & Mueller, 2005). Significance The significance of these examples are that there are ethics that need to be followed within any organization but in a healthcare organization it is extremely important because you handle patients and to ensure the comfort of these patients, a code of ethics need to be enforced for the organization. It is also important to ensure that financial reporting is done, so all finances stay up to date on a legal manner. It helps to show revenue, liability, and expenses and helps control the business effectively. References Corporate Social Responsibility-Code of Ethics . (n.d.). Retrieved from Nightingale Home Healthcare : http://www.homecareforyou.com/about/code.html Generally Accepted Accounting Principles . (n.d.). Retrieved from Investopedia : http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gaap.asp Godwin, N., & Mueller, J. (2005). Fiancial Reporting Practices: A Comprehensive Evaluation. School of Accountancy, Auburn University. Morley, M. (n.d.). Accounting Principles and General Financial Ethical Standards . Retrieved from Small Business Chronicle: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/accounting-principles- general-financial-ethical-standards-36283.html