Stem Cell Research is Illegal, Immoral and Unnecessary Essay -- Argume

Stem Cell Research is Illegal, Immoral and Unnecessary President Bushs limited federal financial support of research relying on the destruction of homo embryos violates federal statutory law. Christians have grieved for many years over the assault on unborn human keep set loose upon our nation by the Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision. Even that decision, however, did not affect all areas of law where lawmakers seek to protect exploitation human life. Because they are not covered by the Courts theory of reproductive privacy, human embryos outside the womb may be fully protected by law - and at least nine states have acted to protect these embryos from lethal experiments. In some states, destructive experimentation on human embryos is a felony. just about Christians have grave concerns on this critically important issue of embryonic stem cell research. In our view, conducting research that relies on deliberate destruction of human embryos for their stem cells is illegal, immo ral and unnecessary. It is illegal because it violates an appropriations rider (the Dickey amendment) passed every year since 1995 by Congress. That provision forbids funding research in which human embryos (whether initially created for research purposes or not) are harmed or destroyed outside the womb.(1) National Institutes of Health guidelines approved by the Clinton Administration nonetheless give researchers detailed instructions on how to obtain human embryos for destructive cell harvesting, if they wish to qualify for federal grants in human pluripotent stem cell research.(2) Clearly, obtaining and destroying embryos is an integral part of this project, even if the particular act of destroying embryos does not directly receive federal funds. By i... ...uman Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 Disease, 288 science 669-72 (28 April 2000). 16. K. Foss, Paraplegic regains movement after cell procedure, The Globe and send off (Toronto), June 15, 2001 at A1. 17. E. Ryan et al., Glycemic Outcome Post Islet Transplantation, Abstract 33-LB, Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association, June 24, 2001. See http//38.204.37.95/am01/AnnualMeeting/Abstracts/NumberResults.asp?idAbs=33-LB. 18. M. McCullough, Islet transplants offer hope that diabetes can be cured, Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22, 2001 at A1. 19. D. Woodbury et al., Adult Rat and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate Into Neurons, 61 J. of Neuroscience Research 364-70 (2000) at 364 (emphasis added). 20. D. Prockop, Stem Cell Research Has Only Just Begun (Letter), 293 Science 211-2 (13 July 2001)(citations omitted).

Prayer in School: One Hypocrisy of Our Democracy Essay examples -- ess

Prayer in School One Hypocrisy of our Democracy     This paper deals with the emplacement of our takes and government on supplication in school. In this paper I will show how our government is hypocritical in its dealings of the prayer in school have sex and how some of us as citizens are hypocritical as well. I will discuss the freedom of organized religion rights and how its interpretation affects prayer in school. Also, I will address the popular phrase, separation of church and state, that is often used to argue against prayer in school.     The First Amendment states carnal knowledge shall make no faithfulness respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. There are several ways to apply this to the contend of prayer in school. Arguments can be made for both groups of plenty who are for and against prayer in school. What does it all boil down to? Freedom of religion still applies, just do not or ganize or endorse it in our schools.Prayer in public schools became an issue in 1960 Madalyn Murray OHair sued the Baltimore MD school system on behalf of her son William J Murray, because he was being forced to participate in prayer in schools. Ultimately, her actions and the actions of the American Atheist Organization resulted in the Supreme Court ruling of 1962. (Tragically, she disappeared in August of 1995. In January 2001, a full five and a half years after they were last seen, the bodies of the Murray-OHairs were in conclusion found on a sprawling ranch near the little town of Camp Wood, Tex.) The Supreme Courts previous last major school-prayer ruling was announce in 1992, and barred clergy-led prayers at public school graduation ceremonies. "The Constitution forbids the state to exact religious conformity from a student as the wrong of attending her own high school graduation," the court said then. Many viewed the ruling as a strong reaffirmation of the highest courts 1962 decision banning organized, formally sponsored prayers from public schools. However, in 1993, the justices refused to review a federal appeals court ruling in a Texas case that allowed student-led prayers at graduation ceremonies. That appeals court ruling, which is binding law in Louisiana and Mississippi, conflicts with another federal appeals courts decision barring student-led graduation prayers in nine... ...n between Church and State. (1) The reason Jefferson choose the expression "separation of church and state" was because he was addressing a Baptist crowd a church of which he was not a member. Jefferson wanted to remove all fears that the government would make laws to the church. The issue of prayer in school cannot be dealt with in a manner that will please everyone. The main thing that needs to be stressed is that tolerance of other people and their beliefs is the only true way to ensure that everyone has freedom and equality in America. Until that d ay comes there will always be groups of people who cause disruption in our schools and take away from what the focus really should be quality education and an understanding of others as well.ReferencesSpaeth, Harold J. and Edward Conrad Smith. The Constitution of the United States, thirteenth ed. New York HarperCollins Publishers, 1991 (paper). ISBN 0064671054.Volkomer, Walter E. American Government, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2001 (spiral bound). ISBN 0131834991.The Myth of the Separation of Church and State retrieved on January 7, 2005 from http//www.noapathy.org/tracts/mythofseparation.html

biography of Arthur Ashe jr. :: essays research papers

Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. is a man of trust, courage, grace and honor. Although many of these attriobutes I share with Arthur, his high level of moral values and egotism reliance I aspire to achieve. Arthur was of African American decent and being born on July 10, 1943 in Richmond, Virginia he had to face many racial struggles and hardships. On the contrary, I was born and raised in somerset, New Jersey, in the 1990s so my racial struggles were close to non-existent. Being of Italian- American decent, if I had lived in the meter of Arthur Ashe I still would not have faced racial struggles as greatly as African Americans did in that term. Arthur was the first born just as I was, except he was the first and only while I on the other hand have three siblings. We were both born into exceedingly loving and caring families. Arthur was raised by extremely strict parents and was not even allowed to go issue after school or hang out with friends as I do occasionally. His father just like m y parents set goals for self-reliance, discipline and responsibility. Because of those goals Arthur began to take great pride in his reputation. I also savour as if Im always being judged. We have both been called quiet people but Arthur eventually grows out of that and my parents tell me Im beginning to do the same. Both of our parents, to our displeasure, force us to do our numerous chores before anything else. The difference lies within the punishment for disobeying our parents wishes. The so called beatings that Arthur received in his time were nothing unordinary yet if those beatings were to occur today they would be seen as wrong and inhumane. Despite the differences we share many similar diversions such as good smell time with our families. Arthur was known to spend countless hours reading and listening to music with his mom. Yet at the age of 6 Arthur had to face one of the most traumatic expierences of his life when he lost his mother, Matti Ashe, to a fatal case of toxem ia while in labor. Similar to this experience I lost my grandfather at the age of five. Although I was impacted greatly it was not a loss as great as Arthurs loss of a loving mother. I seat recall the day it happened just as well as Arthur recalled the details of when he last saw his mother.

The Italian Wars :: history

The Italian WarsThe Italian Wars 1494-1559 - Introduction The key issues over which the Italian Wars were fought were primarily financial incentives for Charles octonary of France. He tell that he intended to use Naples as a base to drive the Ottomans out of Europe and liberate Constantinople. In actual truth his main motivation was self-glory and the mouth-watering prospect of acquiring some exquisite prizes of war. On the way he would acquire rich cities and portable pieces of art. It seems that this invasion had been planned for two long time prior since Charles had already bought off potential rivals like Henry VII of England, Ferdinand and Macsimilion. He had also enlisted the support of Genoa and Milan, both within Italy. The regent of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, needed consort and his invitation in 1594 seemed to Charles plans perfectly. He accepted and the Italian wars began. Also, the Cardinal of Genoa resented the current Pope, Alexander VI. He invited Charles to come in, d epose him and spark off the eagerly awaited church reform. Events 1494-1516 - There was a mixed reaction to the arrival of Charles in Italy. Florence revolted against its leader, Piero de Medici. The Popes army deserted him. In Naples the king died and rather than unite against his son the populous decided to capitulate. There was however some reaction against Charles activities. Ferdinand of Aragon decreed that since Naples was subject to the papacy, that the Popes honour had been attacked. He formed the League of Venice. His main intentions were to expel Charles and become the ruler of a united Naples, Sicily and Aragon. Charles began to withdraw to France and although he won a battle at Fornovo, his outnumbered garrisons couldnt retain Naples. By 1498 the situation in Italy was one of chaos and turmoil. Charles died in 1498, which meant that there wasnt going to be a re-invasion. Popular uprisings in Milan and Florence saw the Medicis and the Sforzas overthrown. Civil war was r aging on between Pisa and Florence and the accession of Louis VIII as French King meant that the prospects for peace did not look too good. Louis had inherited Naples, but his main objective was Milan, which he invaded in 1499. He settled for the Western half and gave the Eastern half to Venice. He then headed southward to Naples, which he had agreed to jointly rule with Ferdinand.

The Virgin Mary Essay -- Religion Christianity

The Virgin bloody shameThe turbulent course of bloody shames remarkable life, the difficult choices she made, the terrible ordeals she survived, changed history and transformed the lives of millions for all era (Biography - Mary of Nazareth,1996). Mary, the mother of Jesus is thought highly of by all Christian faiths. In addition, Catholics hold Mary as the first-class honours degree saint and piety her. I feel Catholics are more accurate when it comes to praising Mary for her devotion to God. Mary should be more of a model for every Christian follower, because of the trust she had in God and the sacrifices she made for all of us.The New Testament does not mention Marys birth or her childhood she is first brought up in the gospel of Luke as a thirteen-year old girl betrothed to Joseph. Thankfully there is a historical text called Protoevangelium of James, which was written around 120 AD and it discusses the events surrounding Marys birth, childhood and betrothal, and embellishes on the biblical account of Jesus birth (Devotion to the Holy Infant Mary, n.d., par. 5).The birth of Mary was also miraculous. Mary was born in Nazareth to her elderly Jewish parents Joachim and Anna. Anna was unable to bear children, so she prayed to God to grant her a child. An angel visited her and told her that she would conceive a child. Anne promised to dedicate the child to Gods service. According to the Catholic doctrine the conception of Mary was without any original sin known as Immaculate Conception (Biography - Mary of Nazareth, 1996).In Marys time the most education a child could ask for, especially a female would consist of learning the canonical survival skills of cooking, faming and weaving. Mary was more than likely illiterate, and poor. As illustrated in t... ...m the New Testament. About.com Christianity. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from http//www.christianityabout.com/od/newtestamentpeople/p/marymotherjesus.htmSlick, M. (n.d.). Did Mary Have Other Children?. CA RM - Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from http//carm.orgSri, Edward P. (n.d.). The Original Mary Our Ladys Life Before the Annunciation. Holy Spirit Interactive - Catholic Information Resource. Retrieved December 5, 2010, from http//www.holyspiritinteractive.net/columns/edwardsri/knowingmary/01.aspThe Virgin Mary. (n.d.). Encyclopedia of last and Dying. Retrieved December 7, 2010, from http//www.deathreference.comWere Mary and Joseph Married?. (n.d.). Bible Truths, Salvation, Creation, Angels, Jesus, God, Holy Spirit. Retrieved December 4, 2010, from http//www.bibletruths.net/sermons/btso140.htm

The Virgin Mary Essay -- Religion Christianity

The Virgin bloody shameThe turbulent course of bloody shames remarkable life, the difficult choices she made, the terrible ordeals she survived, changed history and transformed the lives of millions for all m (Biography - Mary of Nazareth,1996). Mary, the mother of Jesus is thought highly of by all Christian faiths. In addition, Catholics hold Mary as the startle saint and godliness her. I feel Catholics are more accurate when it comes to praising Mary for her devotion to God. Mary should be more of a model for every Christian follower, because of the trust she had in God and the sacrifices she made for all of us.The New Testament does not mention Marys birth or her childhood she is first brought up in the gospel of Luke as a thirteen-year old girl betrothed to Joseph. Thankfully there is a historical text called Protoevangelium of James, which was written most 120 AD and it discusses the events surrounding Marys birth, childhood and betrothal, and embellishes on the biblical acc ount of Jesus birth (Devotion to the Holy Infant Mary, n.d., par. 5).The birth of Mary was also miraculous. Mary was born in Nazareth to her elderly Jewish parents Joachim and Anna. Anna was unable to bear children, so she prayed to God to grant her a child. An angel visited her and told her that she would conceive a child. Anne promised to dedicate the child to Gods service. According to the Catholic doctrine the conception of Mary was without any original sin known as Immaculate Conception (Biography - Mary of Nazareth, 1996).In Marys time the most education a child could ask for, especially a female would consist of learning the staple fiber survival skills of cooking, faming and weaving. Mary was more than likely illiterate, and poor. As illustrated in t... ...m the New Testament. About.com Christianity. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from http//www.christianityabout.com/od/newtestamentpeople/p/marymotherjesus.htmSlick, M. (n.d.). Did Mary Have Other Children?. CARM - Christian A pologetics and Research Ministry. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from http//carm.orgSri, Edward P. (n.d.). The Original Mary Our Ladys Life Before the Annunciation. Holy Spirit Interactive - Catholic Information Resource. Retrieved December 5, 2010, from http//www.holyspiritinteractive.net/columns/edwardsri/knowingmary/01.aspThe Virgin Mary. (n.d.). Encyclopedia of death and Dying. Retrieved December 7, 2010, from http//www.deathreference.comWere Mary and Joseph Married?. (n.d.). Bible Truths, Salvation, Creation, Angels, Jesus, God, Holy Spirit. Retrieved December 4, 2010, from http//www.bibletruths.net/sermons/btso140.htm

Strategic Management Process Paper Mgt 498

strategical Management Process Paper MGT 498 January 24, 2013 The long-term performance of a corporation is mostly reliant on managerial decisions and actions, which include internal and external environmental scanning, strategical formulation and implementation, evaluation, and control. All of these characteristics are relatable to the concept of strategic management, which emphasizes the monitoring and evaluating of external opportunities and threats in cleared of a corporations strengths and weaknesses (Wheelen, 2010).The primary components of the strategic management process are environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and evaluation and control. Environmental scanning is exposit to be the monitoring, evaluating, and disseminating of information from the external and internal environments to key people within the corporation (Wheelen, 2010). Environmental scanning is usually used to classify strategic influences that go away control the future of the corporation.Strategy formulation is the act of developing long-term plans for the future of a corporation by using the corporations strengthens, and weaknesses, for the effective intervention of environmental opportunities and threats. Strategy implementation is the putting in action of the strategies formulated by a corporation. Lastly, evaluation and control includes the monitoring of corporate activities and performance in order to compare the actual results, to the ones that are set as goals.Strategic management helps a company sustain long-term performance. For companies that do not practice strategic management, it is very hard to attain and to sustain long-term performance. Most companies when they have finally attained a high performance level will short experience a decrease in their performance. Strategic management will help a company understand, and realize that the environment around them is constantly changing, and evolving.It alike helps a company focus on t he strategies that are important and beneficial, which altogether helps in building a better understanding of strategies in regards to the corporation. Transportation is cognise to be an essential tool when it comes to a business, but transportation companies such as British Airways is in like manner corporation that uses strategic management to further its success. wholeness strategy that is used by British Airways is the merging of other airlines into one. In 1935, airlines in Britain merged together and formed British Airways Ltd. and in 1974 other airlines were also combined and finally formed British Airways (Knight, 2008). The main point of merging was being able to access a larger market and establishing a room of long-term profitability. In regards to airlines, quality is a very important factor and it determines the success of an airline. New innovations, and changes are important factors in which British Airways demonstrated these factors by being the first airline to operate weather-beating auto landings, offer jet passenger services and fully-flat beds (Knight, 2008).Lastly, British Airways in 2005 decided to work with Cisco and rush in order to improve communications, in which the system allows all voice and data communications onto a single network while reducing cost and improving productivity. In conclusion, strategic management is an important method when it comes to improving a corporations well being. When making decisions all factors need to be taken under consideration.By using British Airways as an example, this paper was able to fully explain and establish the method of strategic management. Reference Knight, B. (2008, March 25). Strategic management of British Airways Company. Retrieved from http//bizcovering. com/business/strategic-management-of-british-airways-company/4/ Wheelen, T. L. , & Hunger, J. D. (2010). Concepts in strategic management and business policy Achieving sustainability (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearso n/Prentice Hall.

Carlos Fuentes’ Smile

Carlos Fuentes grinning On top of El Angel, on top of the Monumento a la Revolucion, on top of the Catedral, Carlos Fuentes was always on top. When he was young, he was afraid of height even in June 1959, atthetime ofthe Cubanrevolution, in the same plane as General Cardenas, he asked Do you echo it is going to fall? We are already flying high. Since he was child, he was destined to be on top. He had just published Where the Air Is Clear, which caused rumpus in Mexico City.Back then, all the writers wrote sad stories. The sad Revolution with its useless massacre, the sad province in which the guava paste was cooked slowly in a perol, as Agustin Yanez wrote the sad leaders shadow and of all who had do the Revolution and now, in a luxurious office, they ignored the slow but steady push of their tummy. At this point, Fuentes made burst, he changed our small world as the Paricutin would have made and he reminded us that we had guts. He always has it.With an ambitious, audacious, agi le, and elegant step, he was on the stage in one jump. He always was in a hurry, he always plucked up courage. The word always seemstodo pretty wellto Fuentes and so we can tell to Silvia and Cecilia, in order and with a loud and strong voice, that Fuentes will always live wherever his books are, he will be always with us and that that arent words of encouragement, they are a reality. I see him in the distance, standing I see him here, beside me, he smiled.His smile was the smile of his father, don Rafael Fuentes, that following the publicationof Where the Air Is Clear he said Now Im the father of Carlos Fuentes. All surrender by the raindrops of Jalapa, that city where the grass grows up among the rocks Fuentes was from Veracruz from head to toe, from Veracruz with its table-glass full of cafe con leche from the Cafe de la Parroquia that the waiters filled and refilled at the sound of the spoon, ding, ding, ding, like in a Cri-Cris song1, as ifwewereallchild without the Original s in.Fuentes was kind of like that, he had an inner childthat was likethe apple ofhis eyes, his eyes shone, within his eyes on that point was his vigor, his excitement, his desire of embrace everything, his love for Mexico. His eyes cast sparks because Fuentes was a seducer, but as Angeles Mastretta said, a trustful seducer. 1 Mexican composer and performer of childrens songs, best known under the name ofCri-Cri El Grillito Cantor.

Propoor Tourism in Iran

1. Background of Study touring carry is clearly of large importance for developing countries. Islamic Republic of Iran, by having great natural resources and historical fend for ground and heritages should be able to string a great call of these hypothesize-sos to progress to a healthy and on growing economy. Recently, organization of Iran has scoop outed to enclothe more than on touristry sector of the dry land, however it is non easy for goernment to implement all the strategies they need for yield in the manufacturing.There atomic number 18 m whatever issues which should be taken into consideration before applying those strategies. One of these issues is the population of ridiculous multitude in the arena, which is a great quantity from the overall population, doesnt have any important role in this implementation and strategies or benefits. Poor in Iran arouset pass on to motivity and as well as cant afford to invest and be dynamic part of industry. T ravelling is considered as a luxury facts which non e trulyone can afford to do it and more over invest on it.There is a need for setting up a new type of touristry in country which everyone can travel and invest and initiate the benefits of it and more tidy sum can participate. However, according to Dilys R ( two hundred1), analysis of tourism info in developing a country lay outs that in most countries with exalted levels of poorness, tourism is significant and increasing. The poor can participate in the tourism industry in numerous ways as workers, entrepreneurs, and neighbors. They progress new opportunities but to a fault face limitation. They earn incomes, but in addition suffer costs of tourism.These impacts vary enormously from destination to destination. Enhancing the opportunities and impacts for the poor is the concern of this inquiry. Pro-Poor tourism (PPT) is about how the work of tourism is done. The impacts of tourism on the poor depend very unt former( a) on the behavior of private companies and individual tourists. At the same time, these ar powerfully influenced by Government, through its policies, regulations, public investment, expectations, and actions, non wholly in tourism but in other sectors too (Caroline A, 2006).As mentioned by Dilys R (2001) Achieving poverty reduction requires actions on a variety of balancing fronts and scales, but for much(prenominal)(prenominal) to happen it is required a significant progress is pro-poor ontogeny (growth which benefits the poor). Together with that Dilys R (2001) also questioned, As an industry that is clearly important in many poor countries, can tourism be one source of such growth? 1. uncouth profile Islamic Republic of Iran Iran, a country slightly larger than Alaska, is located in the Middle East, b erecting the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf in the sec and the Caspian Sea in the north.It covers an atomic number 18a of 1. 648 billion even up kilometers (636,2 96 squ ar miles) and is edged ming lead with Iraq, with which it shares a border of 1,458 kilometers (906 miles), and Pakistan and Afghanistan in the east, with which Iran has 909 kilometers (565 miles) and 936 kilometers (582 miles), respectively, of putting green borderline. Iran also shares 499 kilometers (310 miles) of borderline with Turkey, 992 kilometers (616 miles) with Turkmenistan, 432 kilometers (268 miles) with Azerbaijan, and both(prenominal) 35 kilometers (22 miles) with Armenia, the latter 3 states formerly being part of the USSR (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009).Most of the 2,440 kilometers (1516 miles) of coastline are on the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The two gulfs are connected by the strategic Strait of Hormuz. Iran has dozens of islands in the Persian Gulf, many of which are un experienceed but used as bases for oil exploration. Those that are inhabitednotably Qeshm and Kishare being developed, attracting investors and tourists. The Iranian co ast of the Caspian Sea is some(prenominal) 740 kilometers (460 miles) unyielding.Apart from being home to the sturgeon that provides for the human beings take up caviar, the Caspian Sea is the mankinds largest lake, with an area of some 370,000 square kilometers, and is co-owned by Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009). In full general, Iran consists of an interior plateau, 1,000 meters to 1,500 meters (3,000 feet to 3,500 feet) above sea level, ringed on almost all sides by mountain zones. The Elburz range with the Iranian capital, Tehran, at its feet, features the countrys highest peak, the snowcapped volcanic cone of Mt. Damavand, at 5,604 meters (18,386 feet).To the north of the range there is a sudden drop to a flat plain occupied by the Caspian Sea, which lies about 27 meters (89 feet) below low-lying and is shrinking alarmingly in size. The larger Zagros mountain range runs from north-west Iran down to the eastern sh ores of the Persian Gulf, and then eastward, fronting the Arabian Sea, and continuing into Pakistan (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009). Iran has a comparatively young population, with 34 percent of the population under the age of 14 and 61 percent between 15 and 64 years of age. Thanks to a family formulatening program, population growth decreased from 3. percent in 1984 to 1. 7 percent in 1998 and further to 0. 83 percent in 2000. Of the population, an estimated 38 million Iranians (or 60 percent) live in urban areas, while approximately 27 million live in rural areas (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009). The population density was 37. 6 inhabitants per square kilometer (97 per square mile) in 1998, though many people are concentrated in the Tehran region, and other parts of the country (especially deserts) are fundamentally uninhabited. Basic literacy rates are above the regional average, although uncertain reporting standards give a wide margin for error.In 1997-98 t he central bank estimated literacy at 80. 5 percent in those over 6 years old, with 75. 6 percent of women and 85. 3 percent of men judged to be functionally literate, i. e. they were taught to read and write at some point (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009). Irans infrastructure is relatively poor and inadequate. Part of this stems from the fact that the vast country was never fully developed, but it also experienced immense setbacks during the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s, and restoration since then has been slow (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009)Iran has a network of 140,200 kilometers (87,120 miles) of roads, of which 49,440 kilometers (30,722 miles) are paved. The 2,500-kilometer (1,553-mile) A1 highway runs from Bazargan on the Turkish border across Iran to the Afghan border in the east. The A2 runs from the Iraqi border to Mirjaveh on the Pakistani frontier. Tehran is linked to major cities in the vicinity by 470 kilometers (292 miles) of express-ways. A heavy ex pansion of car use has led to change magnitude demand for fuel, severe overcrowding of roads in metropolitan areas, and mounting pollution problems.Government estimates put the average annual increase in home(prenominal) fuel consumption at 5. 5 percent, well above the real economic growth rate. The government has sought to limit motor use by raising domestic fuel prices, but petroleum products in Iran remain heavily subsidized and among the cheapest in the world (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009) Before the revolution Iran had begun to build a reputation as an exotic holi sidereal day destination its ski resorts at Shemshak and Dizin, north of Tehran, attracted inter discipline celebrities.After 1979, the Islamic government discouraged tourism, leaving many noteworthy archaeological and historical sites, including Persepolis, Pasargard, and Esfahan, barely visited by foreigners (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009). Although hardly a booming sector, visitor rates are beginning to rise. The government has begun to issue endorses more freely to non-Muslim individuals and groups, and the country is appearing with greater frequency in tourism brochures, but still only around 320,000 foreign tourists unfeignedly visit, bringing in taxation of US$170 million.The bulk of tourism stiff to be founded on Shia pilgr cipher centers such as Mashhad and Qom. The Bonyad-e Mostazafan (Foundation of the Oppressed), which owns most of Irans large hotels, plans to increase the number of hotel beds from the catamenia 34,500 to 59,500 by 2002 (Encyclopedia of the Nations, Iran, 2009). 2. tourism in Iran Currently, Iran is a country covered in governmental, religious, ethnical, accessible and economic controversy.It is a country that magistrates extreme emotional and ideologic debate and faces contests as a tourism destination both because of this controversial context and as a result of its association with conflicts in neighboring countries comparable Afgh anistan and Iraq. Distinction of tourism in Iran is complicated by its position at a pagan crossroads, the time-span over which invasions and migrations have taken place and the present day feature where a large population of recent refugees exists from wars and political unrest in neighboring countries.Iran has enormous cultural diversity on the one go along and a homogeneous religious authority on the other but it is the latter that streamly dominates. Furthermore, government which protects and get ups its own brand of Islamic indigenous ending and heritage with a fierce pride and an planetary image epitomized by US chairperson Bushs confabulateence to the axis-of-evil and you have a situation where indigenous tourism in the normal sense of the phrase is suppressed. Even when used in a conventional sense, the term indigenous tourism is overmuch contested but certain key concerns and debates emerge from the literature.These include multifaceted host, guest and intermediary relationships neediness of industry knowledge and incorporation of local cultures lack of local awareness of tourism and ownership of tourism colligate handicraftes and a need for carefully considered policies to avoid degradation of culture and ensure suppuration is sustainable (Kevin O. G, McLellan L. R & tomcat B, 2007). Many of these concerns are relevant in Iran to some extent although it is argued in this chapter that indigenous tourism has been suppressed in Iran. Nevertheless, there are indications that a unique form of local tourism infused with indigenous character has begun to emerge.This local variation of indigenous tourism is taking shape despite the undischarged homogeneous national image portrayed in the international mass media. The early stage in the tourism development life cycle content that tourism is generally considered as a national phenomenon, at a national scale rather than local. Growing links between tourism and the fortress of Irans national cul tural heritage were reinforced in 2005 with the merger of Iran Touring and tourism Organization (ITTO) and Iran Cultural hereditary pattern Organization (ICHO) to form the Iran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (ICHTO) (Kevin O. G, McLellan L. R & Tom B, 2007).Although the strong influence of the central government is clear with direct authority for the new organization resting with the Vice President of the Islamic Republic of Iran (WTO, 2006), the link between culture heritage and tourism countenances vestiges of indigenous tourism to survive but not flourish. 2. Problem Statement How much pro-poor tourism is known by tourism policy makers of Iran? Since, there is no record or papers found about pro-poor tourism in cyberspace or media, According to the research in the internet , there is no narrate to prove Irans government are aware of the opportunities and benefits of pro-poor tourism in general.Moreover base on the research, there isnt any specific actions or strat egies done by government to implement pro-poor tourism in Iran. There is a forged gap between opportunities and potentials of tourism in Iran and plans and strategies done by the government to make use of these opportunities. As a result there is not much attention to pro-poor tourism in Iran as well as other types of tourism like eco-tourism and medical tourism and etc. But what are the issues of implementing pro-poor tourism strategies in Irans society?First problem is lake of knowledge and awareness on this type of tourism. There is no evidence shown that, there are groups or people in government or private sector who think or plan for Po-poor tourism in Iran and it as a big squander for tourism sectors of Iran. Following by first issue, the second ordain be the lake of planning and strategizing the steps and creating visions and working on that plans. Third is to implement the plans and start educating the poor to use the benefits of it. 3. question questionsBased on the stat ement and significance of study presented, the research question will be 1 Is pro-poor tourism adoptable in Irans society? 2 How political and religious issues can effect pro-poor strategies? 3 What are the ways to plan effectively for pro-poor tourism in Iran? 4 What are the stages of implementing pro-poor tourism in Iran? 5 What will be the issues and problems of implementing the pro-poor tourism strategies? 6 How to monitor and review for performance of pro-poor tourism strategies? 4. look into objectives To find the best visualiseing of pro-poor tourism The research first objective is to introduce the pro-poor tourism to Iranians Government as well as private tourism organizations, and create an dainty understanding of this type of tourism in Iran. 2 To create a goal and mission One of the requirement for this progress will be creating goals and missions to understand better how to reach our goals and whether we reach the goal of the strategies or not and also to estimate t he progress better. 3 To structure and plan for putting our strategies into actionOnly understanding of Po-poor tourism in not enough to benefit the society, there should be a plan to implement and follow to gain our goals and missions. 4 To implement the strategies correct and dead on target and controlling the action constantly There should be a way to controlling the progress even during implementing it to find whether strategies are correct or to make sure that there are putting in to action correctly. 5. Theoretical Frame Work In this research, the researcher wishes to find how pro-poor tourism can economic aid Irans tourism for further developments and improvements.To gain this goal first need to find out opportunities, challenges and issues related to the research and test it. Second step is to create the right strategies and to find how these strategies can cooperate development of tourism in Iran. 6. Conceptual Framework 7. Significances of research 1 How pro-poor touri sm can helps in climb economy. 2 How pro-poor tourisms income can be distributed to the poverty in the society. 3 How pro-poor tourism can help society in other aspect, such as creating more jobs, motivates poor, educate people and etc.This paper will also discuss about the economical potentials of pro-poor tourism in Iran. This study believes that Iran have many potentials in tourism industry which never used or discovered by the government and people who works in tourism industry. One of the potentials are implementing pro-poor tourism and developing the tourism in poor or not very developed areas. By developing tourism specifically pro-poor tourism industry, government can decrease unemployment and help poor, by teaching them fishing rather than giving them fish.Poor which most of them dont have chance to study or build a new business for themselves can be educate by government or by NGOs and fond committees and be able to beget a part of tourism sector and help themselves and family and also subsequently help the society and government as well. 1. Importance of Tourism manufacturing Tourism is a leading industry in the service sector at the global level as well as a major provider of jobs and a significant generator of foreign exchange at the national level.Tourism has become one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the global economy. During the period between 1996 and 2006, international tourist arrivals worldwide grew at an average annual rate of about 4. 0 per cent (United Nations cut across, 2007, p. 10). According to the report by United Nations in (2007, page 12) about Role of Tourism in Socio-Economic Development, The strong growth in tourism arrivals in Asia, oddly the sub regions of North-East Asia, South Asia and southeasterly Asia is one indicator of the increased significance of tourism for developing countries.Visitors worldwide have clearly recognized the attractiveness of tourism experiences in Asian and peace-loving dev eloping countries in terms of the rich cultural heritage and natural environment. Many officials in these countries have seen that tourism can be part of their development strategies, especially in economic terms. Tourism is considered based on its contribution in the form of receipts share of gross domestic product (GDP) and exports and growth rate patterns for the tourism industry, tourism economy, government expenditures and capital investment.The economic impact of the tourism industry is usually assessed at the macroeconomic level and can be measured in several different ways. The most general measurement focuses on tourism receipts and the contribution of tourism to a countrys GDP (United Nations Report, 2007, p. 26). The United Nations Statistics role and the World Tourism Organization (now UNWTO) developed the tourism satellite account in 2001 as one of the most imperious measurement of the economic impact and contribution of tourism at the national level (United Nations Report, 2007).According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), the TSA is based on a demand-side impression of economic activity, because the tourism industry does not produce or tote up a homogeneous product or service like many conventional industries. Instead, the travel and tourism industry is defined by a diverse collection of products (durables and non-durables) and services (transportation, adaption, food and beverage, entertainment, government services, etc) that are delivered to visitors. It is important for policy-makers at national and local levels to see that this diversity has many complex links to all parts of the economy.This is what makes the economic impact of tourism so significant for development. There are various explanations of social development, and most of them converge around the concepts of improving the well-being of a countrys citizens, promoting higher standards of maintenance, increasing employment and creating conditions of economic and so cial progress. Employment is one of the most readily lendable indicators to begin measuring the social impact of tourism, since job creation generally helps create the opportunities for better standards of living and related conditions of socio-economic progress (United Nations Report, 2007, p. 8). In socioeconomic terms, linkages refer to the connections between the tourism industry and local suppliers of goods and services through both the formal and informal economy. Leakages refer to payments or financial flows made outside the economy of the destination country. For companies in various sectors of the tourism industry, linkages are seen in business terms as the supply chain. Linkages can stimulate increased economic activity and have a confirmatory effect on balance of payments as local products replace trade ones.The positive impact of linkages also relates to the capabilities and competitiveness of domestic firms. Among the direct benefits from effective linkages are incre ased output of the linked enterprises, increased employment, improved securities industry place access, increased knowledge and a broader skill base. In addition this could improve efficiencies in productivity, managerial capabilities and market penetration (United Nations Report, 2007, p. 54). 2. Historical evidence of tourism in Iran Iran is a country that is rich in diversity in cultural and historic terms, representing a recorded human history that stretches back some 10,000 years.The people who inhabit this country have a long history of involvement in tourism. There is considerable evidence for hostels that dates back to at least 2000 BC. These hostels supplied drinks, sex and accommodation for travelers. Drinks included date palm wine and barley beer, and there were strict regulations against diluting them (Gorman O. K & McLellan L. R, 2007, p. 303). The application of strict Islamic law and a consequent political ambivalence to international tourism is not universal in pre dominantly Muslim countries (Gorman O. K & McLellan L. R, 2007, p. 03). Today, Irans heritage draws both on native histories and cultures as well as the impact of waves of raider, notably the Greeks of Alexander the Great, the Arabs who introduced Islam to the country, the Mongols from the east and in the twentieth century, the influence of the oil hungry west (Britain, France and the US). Irans solid cultural assets include seven ancient locations recognized by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as World Heritage Sites as well as a range of renowned Islamic shrines and cultural sites.Irans natural heritage is also diverse, including desert, mountains and coasts across climatic zones from temperate to sub-tropical (Gorman O. K & McLellan L. R, 2007, p. 303). In actual fact, what have generated particular interest in Iran as a host country for domestic and international tourism are the effect of religious interpreting by the countrys brand of c ontemporary Islam on the political, religious, cultural, social and economic environment and the everyday lives of citizens and visitors alike.Iran adheres to strict standards of observance and the application of stiff penalties for non-compliance with respect to social and cultural behavior impacting upon personal association, dress and the consumption of alcohol and other recreational drugs. Certainly, these rules impact upon Irans image, market potential as a destination for international tourism and the role of indigenous people in tourism. 3. Definition of Pro-poor tourism What is Pro-poor Tourism (PPT)? Pro-poor tourism is about increasing the positive impacts of tourism on poor people. PPT is not a specific product but an approach to the industry.It is an approach that seeks to increase participation of poor people at many points in the sector, and that aims to increase their economic and social benefits from tourism while reducing the negative impacts on the poor. (www. pro poortourism. org. uk) PPT is the kind of tourism that contributes to the reduction of poverty. It is neither a specific product nor a niche market. It is multi-level, multi-dimensional and any tourism can be made pro-poor. There are many NGOs and government organizations involved in PPT but the driving force for change will be the private sector.There is an increasing realization that to be sustainable, PPT initiatives must involve the private sector in reducing poverty through business activity, rather than alleviating it through philanthropy. PPT initiatives work well when access to natural resources is maintained and exposure to risk is minimized. PPT can also bring important benefits such as more jobs, business opportunities, and improved access to infrastructure and services (Pro poor Brochure FINAL, 2006). 2. 3. 1 Why Pro-Poor Tourism? Tourism is a major economic sector worldwide and especially in developing countries.According to the World Banks World Development Indicators R eport (2002), more than 70% of the worlds poorest countries rely on tourism as a key engine of economic growth. Poorer countries have the most to gain from PPT initiatives. But they are also the most vulnerable to the negative effects of mass tourism, in terms of social, environmental and cultural degradation. Furthermore, the distribution of benefits and income from tourism is ofttimes not equal. Financial benefits usually end up at the big hotels, tour companies and airlines.Poorer people too often suffer the negative costs of tourism. PPT engages poorer people and seeks to empower them so that they too share in the benefits from tourism (Pro poor Brochure FINAL, 2006). 4. Challenges of Pro-poor tourism in the World According to the World Trade Organization, international tourist arrivals in 2005 reached an all-time high of over 800 million. By 2020, arrivals are expected to reach 1. 6 billion, generating US$2 trillion. While global tourism numbers increase, this does not necessar ily translate into increased revenue for citizens of many developing countries.A few factors typically prevent the disadvantaged from sharing in the tourism dollar. (Pro poor Brochure FINAL, 2006). Most tourism dollars end up off-shore. Typically, only US$10-20 of every US$100 spent by the tourist remains in the developing country. According to United Nations Environment Program, of each US$100 spent on a package tour, only around US$5 actually inhabits in a developing countrys economy (Pro-poor Brochure FINAL, 2006). The Pro-Poor Tourism Partnership says, One of the critical issues for poor producers is often access to the market access to the established industry and to tourists. Smaller hotels and guest houses and local NGOs have little or no opportunity to market to tourists via the Internet, thus they gain little share of the dollars tourists spend. Some would question the very starting point engagement with companies to promote pro-poor change. Tourism companies, after all, are profit-seekers, whose business is commercial tourism, not development. But the assumption reinforced to the work presented here is that we (as society) should seek to reduce the impact of tourism business (Caroline A and Gareth H 2004). . 4. 1 The argument goes as follows penury is widespread and direct approaches to poverty reduction are making insufficient progress thus pro-poor growth is also needed, i. e. growth which is inclusive of the poor. Tourism is a major economic sector worldwide, with particularly rapid relative growth in poor countries, thus is potentially very important for pro-poor growth. (Limited) evidence shows tourism can be developed in ways that increase net benefits for the poor.Furthermore, one approach to this is for companies to do business differently, and evidence indicates that doing business in pro-poor ways can make commercial sense. This should, therefore be promoted (Caroline A and Gareth H 2004). 5. Pro-poor tourism practices in the world Nowadays, as world is emerging into globalization, Tourism Industry has become one of the main income resources of many developed and some developing countries. As Tourism booming, they are several practices done to gain exposure, especially in the context of this research.One example is in Nepal where the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation initiated the Tourism for Rural Poverty alleviation Program (TRPAP) from 2001 to 2005. The immediate objectives were to demonstrate sustainable tourism development models, review and improve policy formulation and strategic planning, adapt institutional mechanisms, including decentralization, in order to achieve sustainable tourism development that would be pro-poor, pro-environment, pro-rural communities and pro-women (New York United Nations, 2005).Another example is The Mekong Tourism Development Project of the Lao National Tourism Authority and Asian Development Bank focuses on improving tourism related infrastructure, promoting pro-poor, alliance-based sustainable tourism in rural areas, and strengthening sub-regional cooperation. The project provides training to local people on guiding, hospitality, cooking, tourism management, and marketing. Technical and financial assistance is also provided to help communities build tourism infrastructure such as guest houses, toilets, rest areas and nature trails Steven S, 2007). To monitor socio-economic impacts, a community-based tourism monitoring protocol has been established and implemented over the past 3 years. Project outputs include several community-based tourism related training manuals in the Lao and English languages, dozens of marketing and promotion publications, seminars, workshops and training course materials for tourism service providers and regulatory agencies, and some 40 minor infrastructure projects ranging from handicraft markets to information centers and village tourism lodges (Steven S, 2007).The project is producing direct financial ben efits for over 600 families in 16 villages and indirect benefits for a much wider population. To date, gross sales of community-based tours developed by the project and sold by local inbound tour operators have generated over US$175,000 in foreign exchange. Tour companies that henchman with the project and tourist attractions where the project is active report that revenues of two million dollars have been generated over the past three years (Steven S, 2007).Also in Bhutan The Nabji-Korphu Trail in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in central Bhutan, the first pro-poor tourism pilot project of the national tourism strategy, was officially opened in November 2006 (Pelden D, 2007). The development of the trail, a 6-day, low altitude winter trek, enabled each village along the route to participate in revenue raising activities, such as provision of community camping sites, cultural programs, village guiding and provision of meals. Tour operators were compelled to use these local p roviders (Pelden D, 2007).One year on, socio-economic tourism impact analysis has shown that 84% of households received supererogatory cash income from the 62 trekkers in the first season, contributing over US$38, 000 directly to the communities. Ninety eight percent of local respondents felt that tourism had brought substantial economic benefits and a range of other indirect benefits were also identified by respondents (Pelden D, 2007). The project involved the Department of Tourism (DOT), the Nature Conservation Division (NCD) and the Association of Bhutanese Tour Operators nd links with Bhutans national tourism strategy and 9th Five Year Plan. SNV delivered technical assistance in acquit to development and implementation of the project (Pelden D, 2007). 6. Traveling Potentials of Iran In 2006 the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization entered into a memorandum of understanding with the ravelings Issues Organization to establish the traveling Cooperative Association , which was entrusted with the task of attracting foreign tourists to nomadic regions of the country. Persian society was formerly a traveling one. United Nations Report, 2007, p. 100). Thus, travelers are considered to be a cultural treasure which needs to be pre get alongd. The Department of Tourism Development in traveling Regions was thus established to provide economic development for the nomads by carrying out technical and infrastructural studies. Along with the Department, the traveling Tourism Institute undertakes measures in marketing, publicise and attracting foreign tourists by organizing tours in traveling areas, providing posters, catalogues, pictures and other advertising instruments.In addition, a special centre will be established in Tehran to provide an outlet for the sale of traveling products (United Nations Report, 2007, p. 100). The authorities hope that fashioning appropriate tourism programs for traveling regions will lead to an increase in the incomes of t he traveling tribes, which would, in turn, raise their standard of living without harming their social systems and traditional lifestyles (United Nations Report, 2007, p. 100). 7. Poverty in Iran Before analyzing about poverty line in Iran, this research provides some useful information about labor force, unemployment rate and inflation rates.Then only can start analyzing the figures and how pro-poor tourism as a new type of tourism can helps to reduce economic problems. pic Figure 2. 1 Sources CIA World position book September 17, 2009 Figure 2. 2 Sources CIA World Fact book -September 17, 2009 Figure 2. 3 Sources CIA World Fact book -September 17, 2009 In this season of presidential elections in Iran, a scenario much in demand is that poverty has increased under Ahmadinejad government. There are newspaper reports of research that offer evidence for save such a scenario, that seem influential but have not gone through the usual academic scrutiny (Javad D, 2009).A few months ago Salehi D, commentedon another high profile poverty report that appeared last year in a journal create bythe Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, using faulty methodology to show that poverty has increased. A study by researcher, professor Davoud S, of Sharif University of Technology in Iran states, the prominent Persian websiteRastakwhich is dedicated to free market economics, isa mark above the rest in academic rigor and therefore worth a closer tincture (Javad D, 2009).Heestimates that more thanone-thirdof urban Iranians were in poverty in 2007 and, more shockingly, that this rate has increasedduring 2004-2007, the first three years of Ahmadinjads administration. Salehi D, shockingly not because Mr. Ahmadinejad had promised to eradicate povertythat was hardly in the cardsbut because in these four years Iran received about $200 billion from the rest of the world, some of them poor countries, from oil generated revenues. To learn that this inflow of cash (natures gift) n ot only did not lift anyone out of poverty, it actually made the poor poorer is thusly shocking (Javad D, 2009).Professor Souri, who is a knowledgeable econometrician and knows his data well, but there are reasons why his study of poverty in Iran, like many others, should not be taken at face value. Let us looka closer look at how he arrives at his conclusions (Javad D, 2009). According to Professor Souri, first conclusion that he drafted explains about high incidence of poverty is really not much of a finding because of his assumption defines, everyone under $10 per day ($4. 40 in rural areas) as poor. This is a superior standard to which no developing country has been held as far as I know.Itis 2/3 the poverty line in the United States and more than three times the threshold international agencies use to compare countries(the so-called $2 per day) (Javad D, 2009). Another widely reported study uses a poverty line of nearly 8 million rials (Iraninan Currency) for a family of five, which translates into $16 per person per day, which is higher than the US poverty line The problem with these studies is not their very high poverty thresholds, it is that they fail to warn their readers about how their poverty lines compares with those used in other countries.Publishing poverty results that use poverty thresholds that are not comparable across countries can confuse international readers and convince unsuspecting journalists in the west, as well as some with an ax to grind, that Irans economy is a basket case (Javad D, 2009). A recent casein pointof the latter group appears in the Nowruz newspaper (Irans daily newspaper), address by Israeli president Shimon Perez to Iranian people, in which he saidI see the suffering of the children in Iran and I ask myself, why? This is a country that is so rich You cant invest the money in enriched uranium while telling the kids to stay a little hungry and a little ignorant. Where he sees the suffering of Irans children he does n ot explain perhaps he is deducing it from studies that show poverty in Iran on a grand scale. The stronger point in Souris study is that poverty has increased during 2004-07. This finding should disappoint anyone who voted for Ahmadijead as a leader who would do something for the poor.It should anger people in oil importing nations who paid through the nose for Irans oil in recent years, that the country took $200 billion from other (sometimes poorer) countries only to impoverish its own poor. Is the economic system in Iran so broken that its richer citizens are not satisfied with the $200 billion they generate from oil revenues and have to rob their own poor? 8. Challenges and issues of Tourism in Iran Economically and politically, tourism is always likely to be a minor industry relative to the oil and other sectors with the result that politicians have little interest in it.This lack of interest is even greater in relation to niches such as indigenous tourism. A counter argument t o this reality, which does not receive widespread attention in Iran, is the employment creation potential of tourism (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007, pg 312). Oil and gas, notwithstanding their value to the country, generate relatively few benefits in employment terms. At the same time, the countrys major social and economic challenge is unemployment and under-employment among the youth.The under 25s constitute 75% of the total population and in some urban areas up to 50% of these young people do not have gainful employment. Tourism, despite its labor intense characteristics and geographical dispersion, is overlooked as a sector that can provide opportunity to this group. (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007, p312). Tourism in Iran is characterized by huge opportunity in terms of natural and cultural assets. At the same time, such opportunity is countered by what can be described as political ambivalence at best and antipathy at worst. support tourism in Iran is a hi ghly contested issue between two main section in the government, one that views tourism as operator to achieve economic benefits and modernize, the other that sees tourism as leading to globalization and thus threatening Islamic values and norms (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007, pg313). The current political belief is highly apprehensive of foreign, non-faith influences and this situation acts contrary to interests seeking to develop tourism as a respectable and respected sector of the economy, particularly in rural and remote areas where indigenous tourism is likely to emerge.Rather than protect and support locally based tourism, the prevailing national ideology stifles local businesses from benefiting from cultural assets. The current environment is not, however, as overtly hostile to tourism as that which existed in the immediate post-revolutionary era (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007). During the period of the Khomeini led government, the state destroyed some historical monuments in the manner of the Taliban in Afghanistan but, more recently, a degree of restraint has prevailed.However, the image of Iran in the international tourist market is almost unique in terms of negative media attention over a sustained period. Only Libya and perhaps Cuba have suffered similar long periods of extremely negative western sandwich media reporting. As an outcome, the core perception of Iran in the eyes of the world and in particular, in the eyes of potential tourists from North the States and Europe has been of a troubled, strife torn country that should be avoided (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007).The Government in Iran does not help counter this image as tourism still tends to be subjugated to the big project of promoting a religious political agenda. For example, the August 2004 public execution of a 16-year old girl in the main street of a Caspian seaside resort, during the height of the tourist season received widespread national and in ternational press coverage and blighted local tourism. Throughout the 1990s negative international media exposure was tempered by the hope that tourism development would be encouraged as part of an attempt to create an image of greater openness under President Khatami.But a constant barrage of damaging news items in the western media reinforced the old negative image (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007). After encouraging foreign tourists to watch the solar eclipse in Iran in 1999, a relatively isolated incident led to the usual western headlines Tourists kidnapped in Iran. Three Spaniards and one Italian were abducted by an armed gang (BBC, 1999a) and functionary inquiry into Iran eclipse harassment as a result of foreign tourists visiting to view the eclipse, particularly women, being subjected to hostile slogans and harassment by Islamic hardliners (BBC, 1999b) (Kevin O.G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007). While this seemed to be the case in five of the countries (Iraq, North Korea, Cuba, Syria and Libya), in Iran the journalist was detained and intimidated as the cameras, tapes and tourist visa were viewed as the instruments of spies. The lack of foreign investment in tourism can also be seen as a major mainstream tourism challenge, especially in the hotel sector, in that both product and service are woefully inadequate for the contemporary international leisure and business market (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007, pg 314). Service standards in the major state hospitality businesses are among the poorest in the world, contrasting with the warmth and natural hospitality of service in small, private, indigenous businesses passim the country (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007, p. 314). In marketing perspective, international tourism to Iran is severely challenged by problems with respect to national image, relating to regional political concerns and also national social and cultural matters, notably the hijab requirement for women and the ban on alcohol.For example, there is evidence that some Chinese tour operators are unwilling to promote Iran because of the hijab requirement. Wider concerns about human rights issues are also a barrier to visitation and are further complicated by the challenges facing minority indigenous groups in Iran (Kevin O. G, Mc Lellan L. R & Tom B, 2007). 9. Strategies relate to pro-poor tourism development According to one report, regular monitoring and evaluation to assess the benefits was difficult at the house level due to lack of communication, limits on transportation and on- passing armed conflict in some districts.Similarly, frequent transfer of the government officers from the program districts presented a challenge to monitoring implementation of pro-poor tourism policies and strategies of TRPAP. Monitoring activities from the rural community level to the central level in order to sustain the pilot rural tourism models required a different evaluation strategy. (Kayastha Y, 2006) An evaluation tool known as the Development Wheel was designed for communities to self-monitor their progress through discussions about changes in the community structure, development of enterprises and natural and cultural resources.The Development Wheel is one of several evaluation tools that are part of an evaluation methodology known as the Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action (APPA). The APPA methodology focuses on having local people identify plans and activities that are positive, successful and strong so they can serve as a means to empower communities. When people used the Development Wheel, it proved to be the most effective participatory way to evaluate progress of TRPAP at the program sites (Kayastha Y, 2006). On the other hand, WHL (World Hotel Links Corporation) make travelling easier for independent travelers.To find small local accommodation providers Independent travel is the fastest growing segment of the travel industry. A 2004 International Finance Corp oration study on eco-lodges put the global independent traveler market at 50%. Many travelers use guidebooks and the Internet to select destinations and accommodation and rarely use tour packages. Thus they spend and leave more money locally. By serving smaller accommodation providers, WHL is making it easier for independent travelers to find interesting travel experiences, which in turn translates into more bookings for local SMEs (www. worldhotel-link. com).The researcher believes that such strategy analysis can be an important tool in furthering the research on pro poor tourism sustainability in Iran. 3. 1 Research Philosophy and General Method This chapter explains the methodology of the study which means the ways have been used for gathering the information and data and consequently how this study will analyze the data to find the best answer for the mentioned research questions. There is two methods of analyzing the data which are soft data analysis and quantitative data anal ysis . qualitative data typically involves words and quantitative data involves numbers.In this research, only Qualitative analysis is used by researcher to measure and analyze the data of the study. Specifically researcher attempt to use Discourse Analysis as types of qualitative analysis for this study, and that is why there will be definition of Qualitative Analysis and Discourse Analysis stated in this study. 3. 1. 1 Qualitative analysis Quantitative approaches are those where you make measurements using some relatively well-defined measurement tool. Assuming that the theory behind doing the measurement is valid, and then a well developed quantitative tool should give you information in which you can have confidence (www. sse. monash. edu. au). On the other hand, qualitative research methodologies are designed to provide the researcher with the perspective of target audience members through immersion in a culture or situation and direct interaction with the people under study. A qualitative approach is a general way of thinking about conducting qualitative research. It describes, either clearly or totally, the purpose of the qualitative research, the role of the researchers, the stages of research, and the method of data analysis (Trochim, 2006). Qualitative methods allow us to stay close to the experimental world.They are designed to ensure a close fit between the data and what people actually say and do. By observing people in their everyday lives, listening them talk about what is on their minds, and looking at the documents they produce, the qualitative researcher obtains first-hand knowledge of social life unfiltered through concepts, operational definitions, and rating scales? (Taylor & Bogdan,1984). According Marketing dictionary, qualitative research is a research that deals with the quality, type, or components of a group, substance, or mixture, whose methods are utilize to advertising audience research in order o determine the quality of audienc e responses to advertising (www. answers. com). Along with the above reference, according to the article published by DJS Research Ltd (2009), Qualitative research is used to help us understand how people feel and why they feel as they do. It is concerned with accumulation information in detail and asking questions such as why do you say that? Depth interviews or group discussions are two common methods used for collecting qualitative information. http//www. marketresearchworld. net 3. 2 Discourse AnalysisThe focus of talk over analysis is any form of written or spoken language, such as a conversation or a newspaper article. The main topic of interest is the underlying social structures, which may be assumed or played out within the conversation or text. It concerns the sorts of tools and strategies people use when engaged in communication, such as slowing ones speech for emphasis, use of metaphors, and survival of the fittest of particular words to display affect, and so on. The tec attempts to identify categories, themes, ideas, views, roles, and so on, within the text itself.The aim is to identify commonly shared discursive resources (shared patterns of talking). The investigator tries to answer questins such as how the discourse helps us understand the issue under study, how people construct their own version of an event, and how people use discourse to maintain or construct their own identity (Fulcher E, 2005). This research has been done to expose weaknesses and problems of Tourism development and planning specifically focus on pro-poor tourism and discuss about challenges and issues as well as opportunities for this industry.Moreover find out the reasons why tourism industry in Iran is not enough developed as compare to other developing countries with less attractions, facilities and potentials. The studies aim is to help to understanding the meaning and usage of pro-poor tourism and finding the challenges and analyze them and finding the reasons and issues which make this problems and by recommending and suggesting some action plans help to improve tourism policy and establishing new type of tourism industry which is not very new in the world and it is pro-poor tourism in Iran. . Process of Study Since this research is about pro-poor tourism in, Iran the study will focus more on Explanation of benefits of pro-poor tourism in Iran and the ways it will benefit the society and economy of the country. The research will be descriptive and then method of the study will be qualitative . after gathering the data will be analyzed on the content to find and recognize the issues and challenges of implementing the strategies and plans to find out the best effective strategies. diagram 3. Data Analysis process 3. 3. 1 Data collection (Notice and Bring Together) Study will began with collecting necessary information from reliable resources and identify the related data and bring those data together. Researchers collected some parts of the data which has from internet and from KDU College Library. Since this research have been doing in Malaysia, and there is no other feasible ways for collecting the data from Iran, Internet played a very important role for finding the data very and necessary information.Beside internet and journals, interviews with professionals of the industry and also papers of pro-poor tourism researches which have been done by professors and lectures of KDU College and was presented in a pro-poor tourism conference in Malaysia (KDU College, 2009) will be used to help the study to analyze and strategies the plans which will be recommended by this study to improve tourism industry for the better future of the country. 3. 3. 2 AnalysisBase on the above studies research start to analyze the data and information which have been founded in the last stage to finding the correct answers for the research questions, and then planning for an action plan which will be use in next stage of study. The method of analyze which is using for analysis the data in this research, is qualitative method of analysis, and it is going to be evaluate by discourse analysis. 3. 3. 3 Action plan (Make Decision)In this part of study, according to the data we analyze and after finding challenges and issues in tourism industry, some recommendation and action plans will suggest to improve the tourism development and establishing pro-poor tourism in Iran. This study believes that the result of this research will be useful and helpful for building sustainable tourism policy in Iran for near future. 4. References Ashley. C and Haysom G, 2004, From Philanthropy to Different way of doing business Strategies and Challenges in integration Pro-Poor Approaches into Tourism Business. Also lendable http//www. ropoortourism. org. uk/Publications%20by%20 partnership/propoor_business_ATLASpaper. pdf. Viewed 28/11/2009 Answer. com, Marketing Dictionary Qualitative Research Online open http//www. answers. com/topic/qual itative-research-1. Viewed 14/12/2009 Caroline . A, 2006, For SNV East and Southern Africa, How Can Governments Boost the Local Economic Impacts of Tourism. Viewed 29/11/2009 Dilys. R, 2001, Pro-Poor Tourism Harnessing the Worlds Largest Industry for the Worlds Poor, UK and Penny Urquhart Khanya, South Africa, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Viewed 1/11/2009 DJS Research Ltd What is Qualitative Research Online available http//www. marketresearchworld. net/index. php? Itemid=64&id=10&option=com_content. Viewed 14/12/2009 Dorji. P, 2007, Pro-Poor Community-based Nature Tourism in Bhutan Online available http//www. propoortourism. org. uk/pptpar2007. pdf Viewed 12/12/2009 Encyclopedia of the Nations 2009 (Iran) Country over view Location and size, Population, Infrastructure, power, and communications, Transportation, Power, Telecommunications, Industry Also available http//www. nationsencyclopedia. com/economies/Asia-and-the Pacific/Iran. tml. Viewed 3/1 2/2009 Fulcher. E, 2005, What is Discourse Analysis? Online available http//eamonfulcher. com/discourse_analysis. html. Viewed 14/12/2009 Gorman, O. K. D, McLellan, & L. R Baum, T. 2007, Tourism in Iran Central Control and Indignity. In Tourism and Indigenous Peoples Issues and Implications. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, p. 297-317 Viewed 8/11/2009 Iran Labor force (2009) Online, available http//www. indexmundi. com/iran/labor_force. html Viewed 5/11/2009 pomposity rate in Iran (2009) Online, available http//www. indexmundi. com/iran/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices). tml Viewed 5/11/2009 Iran unemployment rate (2009) Online, available http//www. indexmundi. com/iran/unemployment_rate. html Viewed 5/11/2009 Javad. D & Salehi. I, 2006. Revolution and redistribution in Iran Poverty and inequality, 25 years later, Department of Economics, Virginia Tech Viewed 4/11/2009 Javad. D, 2009, Tyranny of numbers Claims of rising poverty inIran Online available http//djavad. wordpress. com/2009 /03/30/playing-with-poverty-numbers Kevin O. G, McLellan L. R & Tom B, 2007, Tourism in Iran Central control and indignity Viewed 3/12/2009Kayastha, Y, 2006 Monitoring and Evaluation of a Pro-Poor Tourism Project in a Conflict Situation, congregation Monitoring and Evaluation of Pro-Poor Tourism Policies for Sustainable Development, Saarbrucken, Germany, Also available www. wuwien. ac. at/inst/iuw/fsnu/saarbruecken/papers/abstracts/Kayastha. pdf. Viewed 6/11/2009 Monash University (2007) Qualitative and Quantitative Thinking Online available http//www. csse. monash. edu. au/smarkham/resources/qual. htm Viewed 14/12/2009 Pro-poor tourism, UK, 2009 Online available www. propoortourism. org. uk Viewed 8/12/2009Pro-poor Brochure FINAL, 2006 Online available http//www. ifc. org/ifcext/mekongpsdf. nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Propoor_Tourism/$FILE/Propoor_Tourism. pdf Viewed 9/11/2009 Pro-poor tourism Annual register 2007, Online available http//www. propoortourism. org. uk/pptpar2007. pdf Vie wed 9/11/2009 Steven S, 2007, The Mekong Tourism Development Project in the Lao PDR Online available www. ecotourismlaos. com and http//www. propoortourism. org. uk/pptpar2007. pdf Viewed 10/12/2009 Taylor, S & Bogdan, R 1984, Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods, JohnWiley & sons, New York Viewed 30 April 2009 United Nations Report, 2007, New York, Study on the Role of Tourism in Socio-Economic Development Viewed 3/12/2009 United Nations ESCAP, The constituent of Tourism to Poverty Alleviation, Tourism Review number 25 (New York United Nations, 2005), p. 68-70. Viewed 5/11/2009 World hotel-link, 2009 Online available http//www. ifc. org/ifcext/mekongpsdf. nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Propoor_Tourism/$FILE/Propoor_Tourism. pdf Viewed 12/12/2009 Chapter One Introduction Chapter Two Literature Review Chapter three Methodology

City Living vs Country Living

Many families and individuals expose themselves at some point teasing the advantages of metropolis liveness versus country living. It is nearly impossible to find a entire answer to this question. What is good for one person might not be good for another. Some pile enjoy the busy, hyper active metropolitan metropolis whither they can use any amenities and start out unlimited opportunities for work and leisure. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, other tidy sum feel the urge to be closer to Mother Nature, relaxation, beauty, and peace.They take pleasure in living in the calm and collected environment of the countryside and spending their free time fishing, hiking, picking berries in the woods, or playing in the creek. In my opinion, the nature of urban and rural life expression and the effect it has on people is the most important divagation between living in the city and living in the country. I feel fortunate to have grown up in the rural ara. I would never trade m y memories of playing in the creek, riding four wheelers, or climbing trees only told within a short walk from my house.Health, education, and transportation ar three major concerns that need to be analyseed. While city life can nonplus more opportunities in these cases, country life can forget the best of both worlds. Major health issues ar more applic adequate in urban environments comp bed to the rural areas. The population, preventative, and environmental toxins bring dangerous sicknesss and also prenatal infections. In a city, pollution surrounds a person whenever they step into the busy streets or on the lawn at a city park and that alone could slip health problems later in life.The environment in the country is by far beyond comparison with the cities, the pollution is scarce. They have fewer factories and less noise in the country where as the cities are filled with cars and factories which are the essential reasons to noise and pollution. sweet-smelling air, rol ling green hills, a few pieces of litter here and thither is all youll really find in the country. No smog lets you see the stars at night and the blue sky during the day. On the positive side, urban areas do have better access to choices in healthcare if they suffer from an illness.They have a number of specia names to claim from in their area. However, stress seems to be birth in every waking moment while living in the city. Whether you live near door to a train track or on a busy street, it can be the most expensive component of life in the city and it takes a toll on your body by means of time whereas rural areas are calm and peaceful most of the time. In the country, education for kids K-12 is a lot better than in the cities.Families with subtle children tend to identical enrolling them in a smaller school because its quiet and safe for their children, and the teachers are with the similar children every day and for years sometimes. However, sending them to a larger sch ool can get them into the wrong kind of crowds and not get to know all their teachers because of the big diversity on that point is. In the country the proportionality of students to the teacher is lower than the city whereas parents of children in the city have a number of choices accessible for the education.Children and can often select from a long list of both public and private school districts in urban living. exoteric schools are often filled with a lot of students and are packed into small classrooms however that help the sports team, music, and other elective programs out. Where on the downfall of smaller schools, there are less options except children are more able to vex the extracurricular activities without a disappointment of not acquire on the team.Municipal transportation is quickly accessible in the city and in some cases obligatory where as in the country people usually carpool if traveling to work, school, or out to dinner. Public transportation includes busses and subways that are cheap and easy ways of getting around in the city unlike rural places they do not offer the same level of choices. One of the drawbacks in living in a rural area, however, is unlike urban areas residents do not have the best opportunity to choose from a range of employment options.While they can switch to larger towns, this can be expensive and is not as convenient as working(a) close to work however in the country farmers do have the advantage of working close to their fields of work. If there is any statement to be made almost the quality of life of rural living, it is that there is a greater ability to connect with people. Rural communities offer residents the ability to have perennial lasting and more personal relationships since they encounter the same people more frequently.There are a number of positive as well as negative factors that contribute to the overall quality of life in urban areas and if there is a statement to be made about urban l iving, it is about diversity and choice. In urban areas, there are numerous more choices people can act about a number of aspects of their daily lives. For instance, in urban areas, one is more likely to be able to find many different types of food and this could lead to overall greater health since there could be a greater variety in diets.In the country people have their farms and even their own stores but in the cities people are mostly working for companies operated or even owned by a bigger company. Also, in the country people are more open in exchanging goods and services in return and in the cities it is only the property that makes everything possible. Also rural people generally work outside which gives them physical activities that provide good exercises for the for their bodies whereas city people usually work inside in factories or offices. They have less need of hard work and keep their body idle.This could make the city people prone to disease much(prenominal) as o besity and diabetes which are rarely found in the country residents. A body without disease is the greatest fortune to have and youll see country people are more fortunate to have this and to have what they do. Life in the city is intriguing and it carries a heavy burden for all the activities and entertainment they have to offer. Many families and individuals find themselves at least at some point questioning the advantages of city living versus country living.Quality of life is one of the issues to consider in any comparison between the two. While this can be made for any location as being the best place to live, it is worthy to consider how these two options, city living versus country living, are similar and different. Important factors such as deciding to make general choices, diversity, health, transportation, and employment concerns all influence both sides of the comparison and how each living lifestyle offer great benefits, and how they both equally have an equally numbe r of drawbacks.metropolis living and country living are similar in terms of human interaction but differ most widely when diversity and choice are big issues. It is with proving of the reasons above shown very clearly that the country lifestyle is much better than the city lifestyle. But than again it is a choice made by people based on their personality and their way of life where they would like to settle and live.City Living vs Country LivingMany families and individuals find themselves at some point questioning the advantages of city living versus country living. It is nearly impossible to find a good answer to this question. What is good for one person might not be good for another. Some people enjoy the busy, hyper active metropolitan city where they can use all amenities and have unlimited opportunities for work and leisure. At the same time, other people feel the urge to be closer to Mother Nature, relaxation, beauty, and peace.They take pleasure in living in the calm and pe aceful environment of the countryside and spending their free time fishing, hiking, picking berries in the woods, or playing in the creek. In my opinion, the nature of urban and rural life style and the effect it has on people is the most important difference between living in the city and living in the country. I feel fortunate to have grown up in the rural area. I would never trade my memories of playing in the creek, riding four wheelers, or climbing trees all within a short walk from my house.Health, education, and transportation are three major concerns that need to be considered. While city life can bring more opportunities in these cases, country life can provide the best of both worlds. Major health issues are more applicable in urban environments compared to the rural areas. The population, noise, and environmental toxins bring dangerous diseases and also prenatal infections. In a city, pollution surrounds a person whenever they step into the busy streets or on the lawn at a city park and that alone could cause health problems later in life.The environment in the country is by far beyond comparison with the cities, the pollution is scarce. They have fewer factories and less noise in the country where as the cities are filled with cars and factories which are the essential reasons to noise and pollution. Fresh air, rolling green hills, a few pieces of litter here and there is all youll really find in the country. No smog lets you see the stars at night and the blue sky during the day. On the positive side, urban areas do have better access to choices in healthcare if they suffer from an illness.They have a number of specialists to choose from in their area. However, stress seems to be present in every waking moment while living in the city. Whether you live next door to a train track or on a busy street, it can be the most expensive component of life in the city and it takes a toll on your body through time whereas rural areas are calm and peaceful mos t of the time. In the country, education for kids K-12 is a lot better than in the cities.Families with small children tend to like enrolling them in a smaller school because its quiet and safe for their children, and the teachers are with the same children every day and for years sometimes. However, sending them to a bigger school can get them into the wrong kind of crowds and not get to know all their teachers because of the big diversity there is. In the country the ratio of students to the teacher is lower than the city whereas parents of children in the city have a number of choices available for the education.Children and can often select from a long list of both public and private school districts in urban living. Public schools are often filled with a lot of students and are packed into small classrooms however that help the sports team, music, and other elective programs out. Where on the downfall of smaller schools, there are less options but children are more able to make the extracurricular activities without a disappointment of not getting on the team.Municipal transportation is readily accessible in the city and in some cases mandatory where as in the country people usually carpool if traveling to work, school, or out to dinner. Public transportation includes busses and subways that are cheap and easy ways of getting around in the city unlike rural places they do not offer the same level of choices. One of the drawbacks in living in a rural area, however, is unlike urban areas residents do not have the best opportunity to choose from a range of employment options.While they can commute to larger towns, this can be expensive and is not as convenient as working close to work however in the country farmers do have the advantage of working close to their fields of work. If there is any statement to be made about the quality of life of rural living, it is that there is a greater ability to connect with people. Rural communities offer residents the abi lity to have longer lasting and more personal relationships since they encounter the same people more frequently.There are a number of positive as well as negative factors that contribute to the overall quality of life in urban areas and if there is a statement to be made about urban living, it is about diversity and choice. In urban areas, there are many more choices people can make about a number of aspects of their daily lives. For instance, in urban areas, one is more likely to be able to find many different types of food and this could lead to overall greater health since there could be a greater variety in diets.In the country people have their farms and even their own stores but in the cities people are mostly working for companies operated or even owned by a bigger company. Also, in the country people are more open in exchanging goods and services in return and in the cities it is only the money that makes everything possible. Also rural people generally work outside which g ives them physical activities that provide good exercises for the for their bodies whereas city people usually work inside in factories or offices. They have less need of hard work and keep their body idle.This could make the city people prone to disease such as obesity and diabetes which are rarely found in the country residents. A body without disease is the greatest fortune to have and youll see country people are more fortunate to have this and to have what they do. Life in the city is challenging and it carries a heavy burden for all the activities and entertainment they have to offer. Many families and individuals find themselves at least at some point questioning the advantages of city living versus country living.Quality of life is one of the issues to consider in any comparison between the two. While this can be made for either location as being the best place to live, it is worthwhile to consider how these two options, city living versus country living, are similar and dif ferent. Important factors such as deciding to make general choices, diversity, health, transportation, and employment concerns all influence both sides of the comparison and how each living lifestyle offer great benefits, and how they both equally have an equally number of drawbacks.City living and country living are similar in terms of human interaction but differ most widely when diversity and choice are big issues. It is with proving of the reasons above shown very clearly that the country lifestyle is much better than the city lifestyle. But than again it is a choice made by people based on their personality and their way of life where they would like to settle and live.

Сomparing “A Women to Her Lover”, “How Do I Love Thee?”, “When We Two Parted”, “Remember” and “Villegiature”

I entrust comp atomic number 18 A Women to Her devotee by Christina Walsh, How Do I Love Thee? By Elizabeth Barrett Browning, When We cardinal Parted by Lord Byron, commend by Christina Rossetti and Villegiature by Edith Nesbit. The meters I have chosen, four argon written by women and one by a man and I think that this is a representative romance as women ar more romantic. The only man I have chosen is Lord Byron. on that point is a common typography in these verses which is the theme of have it off. In two of the other poems I have chosen Villigiature and A char To Her devotee the theme of revere is related to in good order and equal fill in.I think that Remember and How Do I Love Thee? are representatives of the Romantic feignment because they stimulate many aspects of the theme of love and the poets do this by showing their love through the poems and I think that A Women to Her buff, When We Two Parted and Villegiature are non representative of what we believe t o be typical of the Romantic movement as they write with very bitter words in their poems which could hardly be romantic in the most common disposition.The first two I will compare is A Woman to her fan and How Do I Love Thee? and A Woman to Her Lover. This is around a woman who is fighting with her lover telling him that she is not a slave and she will not sit in the house all day looking after his children. She gives ultimatums to the man. She does not want him to expect her to be a wingless paragon who can do no wrong, i. e. the perfect wife whos place is in the home. At the end of the poem she says But lover, if you ask of me/That I shall be your comrade, friend, and gibe. This shows that the woman is ready to love him and be loved but on a very equal footing.A very modern perception and not one attached to typical romantic writings How do I Love Thee? is around the feelings that a woman has about her lover assuming that this poem was written for Robert Browning, her husb and, the poet is almost treating him like a God. For ends of Being and ideal Grace. She talks mostly about God. Christina Walsh in A Woman To Her Lover withal talks about God at the end of her poem Until we reach the very heart of God however she wants her lover to be lovingnessate about love and through that passion they would reach ultimate heights together.She is asking for equality but Elizabeth Barratt Browning just talks about how she worships her husband. A Woman To Her Lover is a non-reflective poem, enactment a female perspective of love. The moment we read the title of the poem, we think of the word lover as portraying equality with kindred the woman is talking to her lover whereas in most romantic themes, women are either talked about or to. How Do I Love Thee? is in like manner portraying a female perspective of love however this time it is towards her husband. This poem has deep love from the wife without rational reasoning.It is the opposite of A Woman To Her Lov er. How do I Love Thee? shows the male as the dominant and she worships her husband, Robert Browning unlike Christina Walshs message who put crossways is that women should be equal to men, which could be seen as shocking for its historical context. Other implications of this are the relation of lover to cohabitation, which is becoming increasingly common in this day and age.This highlights the key theme of the poem, whereby she is getting her message across of demanding equality in a relationship No servant will I be If that be what you ask, O lover I refuse you in the first stanza, emotions are strongly evident but very different from the romantic period. She introduces conditional love and as a result, she is demanding equal rights. Alongside this, forcible love is excessively suggested. The word lover tends to bring out the physical aspect of the theme there is a sense of passion, however there is no reference to marriage where a man had rights over his womans body. She quote s my body supple only for your sense delight,/Oh shame, and pity and abasement. This brings out her bold and daring nature.She uses words like comrade, friend and passion, which put across a completely different timber, showing her more demanding side to the relationship. Woman of our time Following that, hand holding hand also is written without gendering to postulate belief of equality in a relationship. There is also less evidence of a male dominance in the relationship but in How Do I Love Thee? I think that the male is more dominant because Elizabeth Barratt Browning falls to her feet in the poem. The poem A Woman To Her Lover is written in free verse but How Do I Love Thee? is in a sonnet form.The structure of A Woman To Her Lover reflects the narrators tone, as she is determinedly commanding freedom and equality, without being restricted by the social constrictions of her time, whereby the norm was that of a male dominated relationship. The sophisticated writing shows co nventional contrast to the seemingly modern topic. Her long syntax causes an empowering tone whereby we can tell she is fixed in what she wants. Her strong character is amplified by her use of powerful language, for instance, words like bend, bondslave and drudgery, show her fearless character and also how strongly she wants equality.She alliterates these words in bondslave to bear. The structure of her syntaxes also conveys a sense of resolution, for example she confidently uses caesuras Go I am no doll. This also portrays a conditional balance since it is a direct answer to the solution she aims for. Walsh also uses a lot of figurative imagery and these different types of imagery help amplify the effects the power that love can have on people. such as use of personification in the conk stanza our co-equal love will make the stars laugh with joy.Also the words stars and spheres suggest how love with equality olympian other characteristics of love. Only in the last stanza we see her address her lover as husband, whereby we immediately sense the change of tone, with greater respect towards the one she is addressing. The last line of this stanza consists of the terminology fields of religion, which she portrays by use of divine imagery, as she ends the poem with an overjoyed height of happiness until we reach the very heart of God. There was a frequent reference to religion in the romantic period context.This shows the nature of the narrator is very believing. She believes in herself, God, and the way she is treated by her lover can change, despite her social environment. However, on the other hand, Browning is worshipping her husband and she is willing to do anything for her. Browning lived in a society that was dominated by men, this effected her writing a lot. In the poem How Do I Love Thee? she compares her love to one thing or other I love thee with the passion put to use, she is comparing her love to intensity equal to that experienced during the day .She also refers to the death of her mother and her brothers, In my old griefs her old greifs are her mother dying then her brothers.. Villegiature by Edith Nesbit gives the impression that shes lost interest in her husband, telling us that he bores me and she dreams of a romantic love, and one that she indulged herself in with a fling whilst she was away from home. The poem starts with a light-hearted and peaceful mood but the poem Remember has a sad and melancholy tone to it.The verbaliser in Villegiature wants a stereotype, but she wants one that is found more in literature and poetry than in real conduct whilst the speaker in Remember wants the love of her life to remember her when she dies. Nesbit uses romantic clichis to say that she wants a man who will treat her more lovingly she alludes to Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet because Romeo has the quality she is looking for. The man in her life is far from what she wants she illustrates him sitting at a desk deep in dull books, using alliteration to show how repetitive and drab the man is.This poem deals with stereotype of realistic men. In the poem Remember, from the starting stanza which quotes Remember me when I am gone away, implies a loving, yet sad, request. One of the aspects of the theme of love evident in this noble sonnet is imperfect love. This idea is based on the frequently used theme of religion in her work, since Rossetti was devoted to her Christian faith and love of God. At the end of the poem she says Better by far that you should forget and smile/Then that you should remember and be sad. present she is telling her lover that she rather him forget her and be happy and live his life then to be sad. There is a notion that death is about to tear them apart however this is not immediately clear, since it is vague as to whether she is choosing to leave the person she is addressing, or dying. Death is never named, but is alluded to in the rise lines through the distant, silent land, although w e are left uninformed of how much time she has left. This highlights the theme of a parting in love absence.Villegiature can also be compared to When We Two Parted by Lord Byron because they are both in a way, harsh towards their lover. Byron uses imagery to describe the morning dew and how it reminds him of the shame he is in. His tone is shameful and his conscience is already getting to him. He portrays her as cold pale grew they cheeks and cold,/ colder thy kiss. He begins with this description of her at their separation his description of her begins with the physical mention of her cheeks.This beginning admits the foreshadowing of continued sorrow throughout the poem when the speaker says truly that hour foretold/ sorrow in this. This gives a negative connotation to the word you from the very beginning. How they all 3 compare Loss. These poems all have the theme of loss. In the poem When We Two Parted, Byron loses his lover and he is detriment by that Long, long shall I rue t hee,/ Too deeply to tell. In Villegiature Nesbit has lost interest in her husband and has a fling with another person Your solid self, long leagues away,/ Deep in dull books, had hardly missed me.In Remember, Rossetti refers to death and dying and she is telling her lover to move on after she dies Remember me when I am gone away,/ Gone far into the silent land. All of these poems have a continual theme of love however, love is not the same there is a demand for equal love To live and work, to love and die with you, a worshiping and devoted love I love thee with the passion put to use, a time to move on Remember me when I am gone away, a reminiscing of better time I watched the still and dewy lawn, and a loss of love A shudder comes oer me/ Why wert thou so honorable? . The poems Remember, When We Two Parted, and Villegiature are all poems about loss and reminiscence but the poems A Woman To Her Lover and How Do I Love Thee? are about love with a positive outlook. A Woman To Her Lo ver has the theme of a powerful and equal love but in How Do I Love Thee? there is strong passion and deep love for the lover and he is almost venerated as a God. Remember deals with the theme of pain, life and joy for the past but Villegiature has a different theme of reminiscence of a distant time when the poet was having a better time.